ASTM D4185-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers' exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. Exposure to some metal-containing particles has been demonstrated to cause dermatitis, skin ulcers, eye problems, chemical pneumonitis, and other physical disorders (1).3 (A) High concentrations of silicon in the sample can cause an interference for many of the elements in this table and may cause aspiration problems. No matter what elements are being measured, if large amounts of silica are extracted from the samples, the samples should be allowed to stand for several hours and centrifuged or filtered to remove the silica.(B) Samples are periodically analyzed by the method of additions to check for chemical interferences. If interferences are encountered, determinations must be made by the standard additions method or, if the interferent is identified, it may be added to the standards.(C) Some compounds of these elements will not be dissolved by the procedure described here. When determining these elements, one should verify that the types of compounds suspected in the sample will dissolve using this procedure (see 12.2).(D) Ionization interferences are controlled by bringing all solutions to 1000 ppm cesium (samples and standards).(E) 1000-ppm solution of lanthanum as a releasing agent is added to all samples and standards.(F) In the presence of very large calcium concentrations (greater than 0.1 %) a molecular absorption from CaOH may be observed. This interference may be overcome by using background corrections when analyzing for barium.
5.2 FAAS is capable of quantitatively determining most metals in air samples at the levels required by federal, state, and local occupational health and air pollution regulations. The analysis results can be used...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the collection, dissolution, and determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS).
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1. (A) These detection limits represent ideal laboratory conditions; variability due to sampling, digestion, reagents, and sample handling has not been taken into account.(B) Threshold Limit Values of Airborne Contaminants and Physical Agents adopted by ACGIH for 1994–1995. Values are elemental concentrations except as noted.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4185 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by
1
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-
alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
1.1 This test method covers the collection, dissolution, and
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by
AES)
flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS).
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working
3. Terminology
concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
method, refer to Terminology D1356.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 blank signal—that signal which results from all added
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
reagents and a clean membrane filter prepared and analyzed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
exactly in the same way as the samples.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 instrumental detection limit—that concentration of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
givenelementwhichproducesasignalthreetimesthestandard
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety
deviation of the reagent blank signal.
precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)
3.2.3 working range for an analytical precision better than
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3%—the range of sample concentrations that will absorb 10 to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
70 % of the incident radiation (0.05 to 0.52 absorbance units).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—Values for instrumental detection limit may vary from
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical instrument to instrument.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Workplaceairsamplesarecollectedonmembranefilters
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: and treated with nitric acid to destroy the organic matrix and to
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water dissolve the metals present. The analysis is subsequently made
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS).
Atmospheres
4.2 Samples and standards are aspirated the flame of an
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
absorption spectrophotometer. A hollow cathode or electrode-
Atmosphere
less discharge lamp for the metal being determined provides a
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
source of characteristic radiation energy for that particular
D5337 Practice for Flow RateAdjustment of Personal Sam-
metal.Theabsorptionofthischaracteristicenergybytheatoms
pling Pumps
of interest in the flame is related to the concentration of the
metal in the aspirated sample. The flame and operating
1
conditions for each element are listed in Table 2.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air
Quality.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originally
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4185 – 06 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/D4185-17.
through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals. Industrial
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
hygienists and other public health professionals need to deter-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4185 − 17
TABLE 1 FAAS Instrumental Dete
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4185 − 06 (Reapproved 2011) D4185 − 17
Standard Practice Test Method for
Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by
1
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice test method covers the collection, dissolution, and determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres,
by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. spectrophotometry (FAAS).
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (Specific safety precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sampling Pumps
D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this practice, test method, refer to Terminology D1356.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 blank signal—that signal which results from all added reagents and a clean membrane filter prepared and analyzed exactly
in the same way as the samples.
3.2.2 instrumental detection limit—that concentration of a given element which produces a signal three times the standard
deviation of the reagent blank signal.
3.2.3 working range for an analytical precision better than 3 % —3 %—the range of sample concentrations that will absorb 10
to 70 % of the incident radiation (0.05 to 0.52 absorbance units).
NOTE 1—Values for instrumental detection limit may vary from instrument to instrument.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Workplace air samples are collected on membrane filters and treated with nitric acid to destroy the organic matrix and to
dissolve the metals present. The analysis is subsequently made by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS).
1
This practice test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air
Quality.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011March 1, 2017. Published October 2011March 2017. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as
D4185 - 06.D4185 – 06 (2011). DOI: 10.1520/D4185-06R11.10.1520/D4185-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4185 − 17
TABLE 1 AASFAAS Instrumental Detection Limits and Optimum Working Concentration for 23 Metals
Detection Limit, μg/mL Optimum Linear Range
3 B
Element (approximately three times Upper Limit, TLV, mg/m (elements, compound classes, and oxides)
A
standard deviation of blank) μg/mL
Ag 0.001 5 0.1 (metal) 0.01 (soluble compounds as Ag)
Al 0.04 50 2.0 (soluble salts and alkyls not otherwise classified) 10 (metal dust and oxide)
5 (pyro powder and welding fume)
Ba 0.01 10 0.5 (soluble compounds)
Bi 0.03 10 No Limit expressed for this element
Ca 0.002 1 2 (oxide as CaO)
Cd 0.0008 1 0.01 (elemental and compounds—total dust)
0.002 (elemental compounds—respirable fraction)
Co 0.009 5 0.02 (elemental and inorganic) 0.1 (carbonyl and hydrocarbonyl)
Cr 0.003 5 0.5 (metal and Cr III compounds) 0.05 (water soluble Cr VI compounds)
0.01 (insoluble Cr VI compounds)
Cu 0.002 5 0
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4185 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmospheres by
1
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4185; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D7035 Test Method for Determination of Metals and Met-
alloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
1.1 This test method covers the collection, dissolution, and
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-
determination of trace metals in workplace atmospheres, by
AES)
flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS).
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working
3. Terminology
concentration for 23 metals are given in Table 1.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
method, refer to Terminology D1356.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard.
3.2.1 blank signal—that signal which results from all added
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
reagents and a clean membrane filter prepared and analyzed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
exactly in the same way as the samples.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.2 instrumental detection limit—that concentration of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
given element which produces a signal three times the standard
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific safety
deviation of the reagent blank signal.
precautionary statements are given in Section 9.)
3.2.3 working range for an analytical precision better than
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3 %—the range of sample concentrations that will absorb 10 to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
70 % of the incident radiation (0.05 to 0.52 absorbance units).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—Values for instrumental detection limit may vary from
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical instrument to instrument.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Workplace air samples are collected on membrane filters
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: and treated with nitric acid to destroy the organic matrix and to
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water dissolve the metals present. The analysis is subsequently made
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS).
Atmospheres
4.2 Samples and standards are aspirated the flame of an
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
absorption spectrophotometer. A hollow cathode or electrode-
Atmosphere
less discharge lamp for the metal being determined provides a
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration
source of characteristic radiation energy for that particular
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Adjustment of Personal Sam-
metal. The absorption of this characteristic energy by the atoms
pling Pumps
of interest in the flame is related to the concentration of the
metal in the aspirated sample. The flame and operating
1
conditions for each element are listed in Table 2.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.04 on Workplace Air
Quality.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originally
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D4185 – 06 (2011).
DOI: 10.1520/D4185-17.
through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals. Industrial
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
hygienists and other public health professionals need to deter-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4185 − 17
TABLE 1 FAAS Instrumental Detection Limits and Optimum Working Concentration for 23 Metals
Detection Limit, µg/mL Optimum Linear Range
3 B
Elem
...
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