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ASTM E3358-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization

Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 PFAS are widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide (see Fig. 1). PFAS are of concern due to their documented persistence and their studied impacts on human health and the environmental. While there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual PFAS substances and their functions in different applications, a range of resources are available to the practitioner. This guide provides information to assist the practitioner in navigating these challenges during the initial screening and site characterization process.
FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and Release
Source: AEI Consultants  
4.2 The user should note that PFAS regulatory management framework at the federal and state level are evolving quickly. Therefore, consultation with legal and technical representatives with knowledge of federal, state, and local PFAS regulations is advised prior to use of this guide. Environmental audit policies or privileges may be applicable to some of the steps described in this guide (see EPA, 2000).  
4.3 Multi-step Risk Management Framework:  
4.3.1 The actions described in this guide are intended to provide a multi-step risk management framework to confirm, with reasonable certainty, that PFAS may have been used at a federally-owned, publicly-owned, or privately-owned property. This standard provides guidance on how to focus limited resources on using a multi-step process, illustrated in Fig. 2, to identify property potentially impacted by on-site or off-site uses and releases of PFAS. Section 4.5 describes the use and occurrence of PFAS. Section 4.6 describes activities at government and federal installations where PFAS use is expected. Section 4.7 broadly outlines the industry sectors where the use of PFAS has been documented (Glüge, 2020 (2), Gaines, 2022 (3)).
FIG. 2 Initial Site Screening and Characterization Flow Diagram  
4.4 PFAs History and Use:  
4.4.1 In the 1940s, industrial processes to co...
SCOPE
1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertaining to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.  
1.2 The regulatory framework for PFAS continues to evolve, both domestically and internationally. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proceeding with a wide-ranging set of PFAS regulatory actions (EPA, 2021). While the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) does not currently recognize PFAS as hazardous substances, the statute does require actions to protect public health and the environment from contaminants and pollutants released to the environment. Other federal regulatory programs, such as the Safe Drinking Water Act are being used to address drinking water supplies adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The Clean Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program is tool that both federal and state regulators are using to regulate the inflows of PFAS-impacted wastewaters at both publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) and federally-owned wastewater treatment plants and the concentration of PFAS in permitted effluent. EPA continues to add additional per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the list of substances reportable under the federal Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting program. International efforts to address per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances include Australia’s PFAS Nation...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2023
ICS
71.040.50 - Physicochemical methods of analysis
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.04 - Corrective Action
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E3358-23 - Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial CharacterizationASTM E3358-23 - Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization
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ASTM E3358-23 - Standard Guide for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and Initial Characterization
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E3358 − 23
Standard Guide for
Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Site Screening and
1
Initial Characterization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3358; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide discusses the key decision considerations and best practices for the screening and initial
characterization of sites to evaluate the potential release of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)
into the environment. This guide provides a flexible, defensible framework applicable to a wide range
of environment programs. It is structured to support a tiered approach with procedures and techniques
of increasing complexity as the user proceeds through the site evaluation process to aid users in
achieving project objectives. There are numerous technical policy decisions that must be made in the
screening and initial characterization of sites. It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate
technical policy decisions, but rather to provide technical support within existing decision frame-
works.
1. Scope Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permitting program is tool that both federal and state
1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group
regulators are using to regulate the inflows of PFAS-impacted
of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric
wastewaters at both publicly-owned treatment works (POTW)
chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar
and federally-owned wastewater treatment plants and the
functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS
concentration of PFAS in permitted effluent. EPA continues to
can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively
add additional per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the list of
amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service
substances reportable under the federal Toxic Release Inven-
(CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertain-
tory (TRI) reporting program. International efforts to address
ing to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids
per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances include Australia’s PFAS
(PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,
National Environmental Management Plan, Version 2 (2020),
which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent
Canada’s Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations,
bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.
(2022), the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
1.2 The regulatory framework for PFAS continues to evolve,
Pollutants, and the European Union’s Water Framework Direc-
both domestically and internationally. The United States Envi-
2
tive (1).
ronmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proceeding with a
wide-ranging set of PFAS regulatory actions (EPA, 2021). 1.3 Hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facili-
While the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
ties (TSDF) currently operating under the Resource Conserva-
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) does not currently tion and Recovery Act (RCRA) via a Part B Permit may be
recognize PFAS as hazardous substances, the statute does
ordered to investigate releases of PFAS under a RCRA Correc-
require actions to protect public health and the environment
tive Action order. EPA made a policy decision in the 1990s to
from contaminants and pollutants released to the environment.
defer many potential CERCLA enforcement actions to the
Other federal regulatory programs, such as the Safe Drinking
RCRA Corrective Action Program (EPA, 1999). Permitted
Water Act are being used to address drinking water supplies
TSDFs at refineries may be subject to RCRA Corrective Action,
adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The Clean Water
as opposed to other regulatory programs, to address the
releases of PFAS associated past and current use of aqueous
film-forming foam (AFFF).
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E50 on Environmental
Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-
ity of Subcommittee E50.04 on Corrective Action.
2
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published May 2023. DOI: 10.1520/ The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
E3358–23 this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E3358 − 23
1.4 Numerous states and Tribes are using their existing mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 PFAS are widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide (see Fig. 1). PFAS are of concern due to their documented persistence and their studied impacts on human health and the environmental. While there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual PFAS substances and their functions in different applications, a range of resources are available to the practitioner. This guide provides information to assist the practitioner in navigating these challenges during the initial screening and site characterization process.
FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and Release
Source: AEI Consultants  
4.2 The user should note that PFAS regulatory management framework at the federal and state level are evolving quickly. Therefore, consultation with legal and technical representatives with knowledge of federal, state, and local PFAS regulations is advised prior to use of this guide. Environmental audit policies or privileges may be applicable to some of the steps described in this guide (see EPA, 2000).  
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FIG. 2 Initial Site Screening and Characterization Flow Diagram  
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4.4.1 In the 1940s, industrial processes to co...
SCOPE
1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertaining to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide should be used to support existing decision frameworks for the selection and application of analytical procedures to sediment programs.  
4.2 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with current sediment site characterization and remediation techniques, sediment remediation science and technology, toxicology concepts, risk and exposure assessment methodologies, and ecological evaluation protocols.  
4.3 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data validators, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders, which may include, but are not limited to, owners, buyers, developers, lenders, insurers, government agencies, and community members and groups.  
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4.5 This guide provides a decision framework based on over-arching features and elements that should be customized by the user based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and sediment program objectives for a particular site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.  
4.6 The selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures for sediment programs is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic but flexible decision framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agency and by user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically-based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a guide for the selection and application of a range of analytical methods and testing procedures that may be used during sediment programs, including physical properties testing, chemical analytical methods, passive sampling procedures, bioassays and toxicity testing, environmental forensics methods and procedures, and methods development procedures for sediment programs.  
1.2 Sediment programs vary greatly in terms of environmental complexity, physical, chemical and biological characteristics, human health and ecological risk concerns, and geographic and regulatory context. This guide provides information for the selection and application of analytical methods and testing protocols applicable to a wide range of sediment programs.  
1.3 This guide describes widely accepted considerations and best practices used in the selection and application of analytical procedures used during sediment programs. This guide supports and complements existing regulations and technical guidance.  
1.4 This guide is designed for general application to a wide range of sediment programs performed under international, federal, state and local environmental programs. This guide describes the selection and application of analytical methods and test procedures, not the requirements for specific regulatory jurisdictions. This guide compliments but does not replace regulatory agency requirements.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of chromium, bromine, cadmium, mercury, and lead, in homogeneous polymeric materials. The test method may be used to ascertain the conformance of the product under test to manufacturing specifications. Typical time for a measurement is 5 to 10 min per specimen, depending on the specimen matrix and the capabilities of the EDXRF spectrometer.
SCOPE
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1.4 This test method is applicable for homogeneous polymeric material.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 PFAS are widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide (see Fig. 1). PFAS are of concern due to their documented persistence and their studied impacts on human health and the environmental. While there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual PFAS substances and their functions in different applications, a range of resources are available to the practitioner. This guide provides information to assist the practitioner in navigating these challenges during the initial screening and site characterization process.
FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and Release
Source: AEI Consultants  
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FIG. 2 Initial Site Screening and Characterization Flow Diagram  
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4.4.1 In the 1940s, industrial processes to co...
SCOPE
1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertaining to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.  
1.2 The regulatory framework for PFAS continues to evolve, both domestically and internationally. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proceeding with a wide-ranging set of PFAS regulatory actions (EPA, 2021). While the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) does not currently recognize PFAS as hazardous substances, the statute does require actions to protect public health and the environment from contaminants and pollutants released to the environment. Other federal regulatory programs, such as the Safe Drinking Water Act are being used to address drinking water supplies adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The Clean Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program is tool that both federal and state regulators are using to regulate the inflows of PFAS-impacted wastewaters at both publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) and federally-owned wastewater treatment plants and the concentration of PFAS in permitted effluent. EPA continues to add additional per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the list of substances reportable under the federal Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting program. International efforts to address per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances include Australia’s PFAS Nation...

  • Guide
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  • Guide
    23 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM G136-03(2023)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Soluble Residual Contaminants in Materials by Ultrasonic Extraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.  
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.  
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
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1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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