ASTM C188-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
Standard Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures. The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids. The apparatus to be used is a Le Chatelier flask which is circular in cross-section. This flask shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage. Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the size designation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark. Kerosene, free of water, or naphtha shall be used in the density determination. The flask shall be filled with either of the liquids mentioned to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mL mark. The inside of the flask shall be dried above the level of the liquid, if necessary, after pouring. The first reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. A quantity of cement shall be introduced in small increments at the same temperature as the liquid. A vibrating apparatus may be used to accelerate the introduction of the cement into the flask and to prevent the cement from sticking to the neck. After all the cement has been introduced, the stopper shall be placed in the flask and the flask shall be rolled in an inclined position, or gently whirl it in a horizontal circle, so as to free the cement from air until no further air bubbles rise to the surface of the liquid. If a proper amount of cement has been added, the level of the liquid will be in its final position at some point of the upper series of graduations. The final reading shall be recorded after the flask has been immersed in the water bath. The difference between the first and the final readings represents the volume of liquid displaced by the mass of cement used in the test. The cement density can now be determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C188 − 09 AmericanAssociation State
Highway and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T133
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Hydraulic Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality
glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density
chemically resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis.
of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection
The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being gradu-
with the design and control of concrete mixtures.
ated. They shall be of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass
resistance to breakage.
of a unit volume of the solids.
3.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from
18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicated
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.
3.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification num-
standard.
ber and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the same number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
followed by the size designation. The standard temperature
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the letters “mL” placed above the highest graduation mark.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a density
greaterthan0.73g/mLat23 62°Cshallbeusedinthedensity
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
determination.
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
3.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for deter-
Cement
mining density is permitted provided that a single operator can
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
3
obtain results within 6 0.03 Mg/m of the results obtained
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
using the flask method.
3. Apparatus
NOTE 1—The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of the
flask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well as
3.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask, which is circular
accuracy and precision of reading.
in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming
4. Procedure
essentially to Fig. 1 (Note 1). The requirements in regard to
tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of
4.1 Determine the density of cement on the material as
graduation will be rigidly observed. There shall be a space of
received, unless otherwise specified. If the density determina-
at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the
tion on a loss-free sample is required, first ignite the sample as
lowest point of grinding for the glass stopper.
described in the test for loss on ignition in section 16.1 on
Portland Cement of Test Methods C114.
4.2 Fill the flask (Note 2) with either of the liquids specified
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement
in 3.2 to a point on the stem between the 0 and the 1-mLmark.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.
Dry the inside of the flask above the level of the liquid, if
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
necessary, after pouring. Record the first reading after the flask
approvedin1944.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asC188 – 95(2003).DOI:
10.1520/C0188-09. has been immersed in the water bath (Note 3) in accordance
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
with 4.4.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on NOTE 2—It is advisable to use a rubber pad on the table top when filling
the ASTM website. or rolling the flask.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
American Association State
Designation:C188–95 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: C188 – 0Highway9 and Transportation Officials Standard
AASHTO No.: T133
Standard Test Method for
1
Density of Hydraulic Cement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C188; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of hydraulic cement. Its particular usefulness is in connection with
the design and control of concrete mixtures.
1.2 The density of hydraulic cement is defined as the mass of a unit volume of the solids.
1.3The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
3. Apparatus
3.1 Le Chatelier flask—The standard flask, which is circular in cross section, with shape and dimensions conforming essentially
to Fig. 1 (Note 1). The requirements in regard to tolerance, inscription and length, spacing, and uniformity of graduation will be
rigidly observed. There shall be a space of at least 10 mm between the highest graduation mark and the lowest point of grinding
for the glass stopper.
3.1.1 The material of construction shall be excellent quality glass, transparent and free of striae. The glass shall be chemically
resistant and shall have small thermal hysteresis. The flasks shall be thoroughly annealed before being graduated. They shall be
of sufficient thickness to ensure reasonable resistance to breakage.
3.1.2 The neck shall be graduated from 0 to 1 mL and from 18 to 24 mL in 0.1-mL graduations. The error of any indicated
capacity shall not be greater than 0.05 mL.
3.1.3 Each flask shall bear a permanent identification number and the stopper, if not interchangeably ground, shall bear the same
number. Interchangeable ground-glass parts shall be marked on both members with the standard-taper symbol, followed by the size
designation. The standard temperature shall be indicated, and the unit of capacity shall be shown by the letters “mL” placed above
the highest graduation mark.
3.2 Kerosine, free of water, or naphtha, having a density greater than 0.73 g/mL at 23 6 2° C shall be used in the density
determination.
3.3 The use of alternative equipment or methods for determining density is permitted provided that a single operator can obtain
3
results within 6 0.03 Mg/m of the results obtained using the flask method.
NOTE 1—The design is intended to ensure complete drainage of the flask when emptied, and stability of standing on a level surface, as well as accuracy
and precision of reading.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement,Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness .
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as C188–95. DOI:
10.1520/C0188-95R03.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C188 – 95(2003). DOI:
10.1520/C0188-09.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C188 – 09
NOTE—Variations of a few millimetres in such dimensions as tot
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