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ASTM D7547-23

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

Standard Specification for Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for purchases of Grade UL 91 unleaded aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It does not cover any other gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. The unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified here, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons, or both. Additives for electrical conductivity and corrosion inhibition, as well as certain types of antioxidants may be added separately, or in combination, in specified compositions and concentrations. Properly sampled specimens shall undergo test procedures and conform, accordingly, to the following requirements: knock value (motor octane number); density; distillation (initial boiling point, fuel evaporated, and final boiling point); recovery, residue and loss volumes; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; corrosion (copper strip); oxidation stability (potential gum); water reaction (volume change); and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specification is for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel is not considered suitable for use in other engines and associated aircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolines of the same octane grade.  
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2023
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7547 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products
purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended
(Reid Method)
primarily for use by purchasing agencies.
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specification
(Potential Residue Method)
is for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition
approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel is
Aviation Gasoline
not considered suitable for use in other engines and associated
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
aircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolines
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
of the same octane grade.
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes
ucts by Hydrometer Method
the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
time and place of delivery.
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
standard.
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation
and Distillate Fuels
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Ignition Engine Fuel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorp-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. tion Spectroscopy
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tion of Aviation Fuels
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
2. Referenced Documents
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Petroleum Products
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
trometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
1
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels.
tion of Aviation Fuels
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D7547 – 21. DOI:
10.1520/D7547-23.
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Method)
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

--------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7547 − 21 D7547 − 23
Standard Specification for
1
Hydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily
for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specification is for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically
approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel is not considered suitable for use in other engines and associated
aircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolines of the same octane grade.
1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and
place of delivery.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Aviation Piston Engine Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021May 1, 2023. Published June 2021May 2023. Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 20182021 as
D7547 – 18a.D7547 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D7547-21.10.1520/D7547-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7547 − 23
D2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation Gasolines
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of A
...

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This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
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1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers seven grades of diesel fuel oils suitable for various types of diesel engines. These grades are: Grade No. 1-D S15; Grade No. 1-D S500; Grade No. 1-D S5000; Grade No. 2-D S15; Grade No. 2-D S500; Grade No. 2-D S5000; and Grade No. 4-D. The requirements specified for diesel fuel oils shall be determined in accordance with the following test methods: flash point; cloud point; water and sediment; carbon residue; ash; distillation; viscosity; sulfur; copper corrosion; cetane number; cetane index; aromaticity; lubricity; and conductivity.
SCOPE
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1.1.2 Grade No. 1-D S500—A special-purpose, light middle distillate fuel for use in diesel engine applications requiring a fuel with 500 ppm sulfur (maximum) and higher volatility than that provided by Grade No. 2-D S500 fuel.2  
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Note 2: The Sxxx designation has been adopted to distinguish grades by sulfur rather than using words such as “Low Sulfur” as previously because the number of sulfur grades is growing and the word descriptions were thought to be not precise. S5000 grades correspond to the so-called “regular” sulfur grades, the previous No. 1-D and No. 2-D. S500 grades correspond to the previous “Low Sulfur” grades. S15 grades were not in the previous grade system and are commonly referred to as “Ultra-Low Sulfur” grades or ULSD.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers Grade 82 unleaded aviation gasoline for use only in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use this fuel. Aviation gasoline shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline or blends thereof, with specific aliphatic ethers, synthetic hydrocarbons, or aromatic hydrocarbons, and when applicable, methyl tertiarybutyl ether (MTBE). They may also contain antioxidants (oxidation inhibitors), metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, and fuel system icing inhibitors. The gasoline shall be tested and conform accordingly to the following property requirements: lean mixture knock value and motor method octane number; color; blue and red dye content; distillation temperature at % evaporated, end point, and residue content; distillation recovery; distillation loss; net heat of combustion; freezing point; vapor pressure; lead content; copper strip corrosion; sulfur content; potential gum; and alcohols and ether content (aliphatic ethers, methanol, and ethanol).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Grades UL82 and UL87 unleaded aviation gasolines, which are defined by this specification and are only for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specifically approved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers, and certified by the National Certifying Agencies to use these fuels. Components containing hetro-atoms (oxygenates) may be present within the limits specified.  
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5.1 Sulfur present as mercaptans or as hydrogen sulfide in distillate fuels and solvents can attack many metallic and non-metallic materials in fuel and other distribution systems. A negative result in the doctor test ensures that the concentration of these compounds is insufficient to cause such problems in normal use.
SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures to develop data for use in research reports for new aviation gasolines or new aviation gasoline additives.  
1.2 This data is intended to be used by the ASTM subcommittee to make a determination of the suitability of the fuel for use as an aviation fuel in either a fleet-wide or limited capacity, and to make a determination that the proposed properties and criteria in the associated standard specification provide the necessary controls to ensure this fuel maintains this suitability during high-volume production.  
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1.4 The procedures, tests, selection of materials, engines, and aircraft detailed in this guide are based on industry expertise to give appropriate data for review. Because of the diversity of aviation hardware and potential variation in fuel/additive formulations, not every aspect may be encompassed and further work may be required. Therefore, additional data beyond that described in this guide may be requested by the ASTM task force, Subcommittee J, or Committee D02 upon review of the specific composition, performance, or other characteristics of the candidate fuel or additive.  
1.5 While it is beyond the scope of this guide, investigation of the future health and environmental impacts of the new aviation gasoline or new aviation gasoline additive and the requirements of environmental agencies is recommended.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
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Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7544-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pyrolysis Liquid Biofuel

ABSTRACT
This specification details the physical and chemical requirements for pyrolysis liquid biofuels produced from biomass that are intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle these types of fuels. The type of biofuel covered here is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications. It shall remain uniform in medium-term storage and shall not separate into layers due to gravity. Properly sampled test specimens shall undergo test procedures to determine their adherence to the following requirements: gross heat of combustion; water content; pyrolysis solids content; kinematic viscosity; density; sulfur content; ash content; pH; flash point; and pour point.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers grades of pyrolysis liquid biofuel produced from biomass intended for use in various types of fuel-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grade G is intended for use in industrial burners equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade G in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade G in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, small commercial boilers, engines, or marine applications.  
1.1.2 Grade D is intended for use in commercial/industrial burners requiring lower solids and ash content and which are equipped to handle the pyrolysis liquid biofuels meeting the requirements listed for Grade D in Table 1. The pyrolysis liquid biofuel listed under Grade D in Table 1 is not intended for use in residential heaters, engines, or marine applications not modified to handle these types of fuels.
Note 1: For information on the significance of the physical, chemical, and performance properties identified in this specification, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 This specification is for use in contracts for the purchase of pyrolysis liquid biofuel and for guidance of consumers of this type of fuel.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification should preclude observance of national or local regulations, which may be more restrictive.
Note 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity may create problems in the handling of pyrolysis liquid biofuel. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—BTU units are included for information only in 3.2.3.1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3241-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for rating the tendencies of gas turbine fuels to deposit decomposition products within the fuel system.  
1.2 The differential pressure values in mm Hg are defined only in terms of this test method.  
1.3 The deposition values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the referee value.  
1.4 The pressure values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The psi comparison is included for operational safety with certain older instruments that cannot report pressure in SI units.  
1.5 No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.1, 7.3, 12.1.1, and Annex A6.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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