ASTM E2297-04
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
Standard Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
UV-A and Visible light sources are used to provide adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle examination. Light meters are used to verify that specified light levels are available.
Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent dyes/pigments with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/pigments absorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy transfer allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye.
High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light intensity greater than 10,000 µW/cm2 at 38.1 cm [15 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light sources and meters used for the examination of materials by the liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light intensities and light measurement.
1.2 This guide also provides a reference:
1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters that meet the applicable specifications or standards.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination of materials and parts.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:E2297–04
Standard Guide for
Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources and Meters used in
the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
E1418 Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the
1.1 This guide describes the use of UV-A/Visible light
Water-Washable Process
sourcesandmetersusedfortheexaminationofmaterialsbythe
E1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing
liquid penetrant and magnetic particle processes. This guide
may be used to help support the needs for appropriate light
3. Terminology
intensities and light measurement.
3.1 The definitions that appear in E1316, relating to UV-A
1.2 This guide also provides a reference:
radiation and visible light used in liquid penetrant and mag-
1.2.1 To assist in the selection of light sources and meters
neticparticleexaminations,shallapplytothetermsusedinthis
that meet the applicable specifications or standards.
guide.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of internal documentation
dealing with liquid penetrant or magnetic particle examination
4. Summary of Guide
of materials and parts.
4.1 Thisguideshowshowthepropermeteriscorrectlyused
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
to determine if adequate light levels (UV-Aand/or visible) are
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
available for use while conducting a liquid penetrant or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
magnetic particle examination.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 UV-A and Visible light sources are used to provide
2. Referenced Documents
2 adequate light levels for liquid penetrant and magnetic particle
2.1 ASTM Standards:
examination.Lightmetersareusedtoverifythatspecifiedlight
E165 PracticeforLiquidPenetrantExaminationforGeneral
levels are available.
Industry
5.2 Fluorescence is produced by irradiating the fluorescent
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
dyes/pigments with UV-A radiation. The fluorescent dyes/
E1208 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
pigments absorb the energy from the UV-A radiation and
Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification Process
re-emit light energy in the visible spectrum. This energy
E1209 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
transfer allows fluorescence to be observed by the human eye.
Using the Water-Washable Process
5.3 High Intensity UV-A light sources produce light inten-
E1210 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
sity greater than 10,000 µW/cm at 38.1 cm (15 in.).
Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsification Process
E1219 Practice for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant Testing
6. Equipment
Using the Solvent-Removable Process
6.1 Ultraviolet (UV)/Visible Light Spectrum
E1220 PracticeforVisiblePenetrantTestingUsingSolvent-
6.1.1 The most common UV sources emit radiation in the
Removable Process
ultraviolet section of the electromagnetic spectrum (between
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
180 nm (1800 Å) to 400 nm (4000 Å). Ultraviolet radiation is
a part of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum between the
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
violet/blue color of the visible spectrum and the weak X-ray
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
spectrum. (See Fig. 1.)
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Method.
6.1.2 The UV-Arange (used for fluorescent liquid penetrant
Current edition approved February 1, 2004. Published March 2004. DOI:
10.1520/E2297-04. and fluorescent magnetic particle examinations) is considered
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
to be between 320 nm (3200 Å) and 400 nm (4000 Å). The
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
UV-Brange(mediumUV)isconsideredtobebetween280nm
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2297–04
FIG. 1 The Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
(2800 Å) and 320 nm (3200 Å).The UV-C range (short UV) is Other newer lamps using the same bulb but with the Kopp
considered to be between 180 nm (1800 Å) and 280 nm (2800 1071 UV filter or bulbs based on the Philips HPW 125-watt
Å). The visible spectrum is considered to be between 400 nm bulb will not differ greatly in UV-Aoutput, but in general will
(4000 Å) and 760 nm (7600 Å). produce more visible light in the blue/violet part of the
6.2 Mercury Vapor UV-A Sources spectrum. Warning—Certain high-intensity UV-A light
6.2.1 Most UV-Asources used in fluorescent NDT utilize a sources may emit unacceptable amounts of visible light, which
lamp containing a mercury-gas plasma that emits radiation will cause fluorescent indications to disappear. Care should be
specific to the mercury atomic transition spectrum. There are taken to use only bulbs certified by the supplier to be suitable
several discrete lines of the mercury spectrum in the ultraviolet for such examination purposes.
section of the electromagnetic spectrum (between 180 nm
NOTE 1—The Philips HPW 125-watt bulb has been restricted from use
(1800 Å) and 400 nm (4000 Å)). The irradiance output is
in the inspection station by many aerospace companies.
dependent on the gas pressure and the amount of mercury
6.3 UV-A Borescope, Fiberscope, Videoimagescope and
content. Higher values of gas pressure and mercury content
Special UV-A Light Source Systems
result in significant increase in its UV emission.
6.3.1 Borescopes, fiberscopes and videoimagescopes are
6.2.2 UV-A sources used for NDT, employ appropriate
thin rigid or flexible tubular optical telescopes. They are non
filters,eitherinternalorexternaltothelightsourcetominimize
destructiveinspectionqualitycontrolinstrumentsforthevisual
the visible light output (400 nm (4000 Å) to 760 nm (7600 Å))
detection of surface discontinuities in small bores, castings,
that is detrimental to the fluorescent inspection process. These
pipe interiors, and on internal components of complex machin-
filtersshouldalsoblockharmfulradiationbelow320nm(3200
ery.
Å).
6.3.2 The conventional optical glass fiber used as a light
6.2.3 UV-A sources are generally low or medium pressure
vapor sources. Low pressure lamps are coated with a special guideinborescopes,fiberscopesandvideoimagescopesmaybe
phosphor in order to maximize the UV-A output. Medium a poor transmitter of UV-A radiation. These fibers transmit
pressure lamps do not have phosphor coatings but operate at white light in the 450 nm (4500 Å) to 760 nm (7600 Å) range,
higher electrical power levels, resulting in significantly higher but do not effectively transmit light in the 350 nm (3500 Å) to
UV-A output. 380 nm (3800 Å) range.
6.2.4 Typically,lowpressurelamps(tubes)areusedinwash
6.3.3 Three non traditional light guide materials for im-
stations or for general UV-A lighting in the inspection room.
proved UV-A transmission in borescopes, fiberscopes or
Medium pressure lamps are used in fluorescent inspection
videoimagescopes, are liquid light guides, silica or quartz
stations.Awell designed medium pressure UV-Alamp should fibers, or special new glass fibers.
emit less that 0.25 % to 1 % of its total intensity under 320 nm
6.3.3.1 Silica or quartz fibers are good transmitters of UV-A
(3200 Å) and above 400 nm (4000 Å).AUV-Abulb based on
energy, but are brittle and cannot be bent into a tight radius
theAmerican National Standards Institute’s Specification H 44
without breaking, nor can they accommodate the punishing
GS-R100 is a 100 watt mercury-vapor bulb in the Par 38
stresses of repeated scope articulation.
configuration and normally using a Kopp 1041 UV filter.
3 4
Kopp 1041 UV and Kopp 1071 UV are registered trademarks of Kopp Glass Philips HPW 125 watt is a registered trademark of Philips Lighting Co.,
Inc., Pittsburgh, PA. Somerset, NJ.
E2297–04
NOTE 4—ASTM E1220, E1417, E1418, and E1444 provide visible
6.3.3.2 Liquid light guides are very effective transmitters of
light requirements for magnetic particle and penetrant examination.
UV-A, but have minimum diameter limitations at 2.5 mm and
also exhibit problems with collapsing, kinking or loss of fluids.
6.7 Light Meters
6.3.3.3 AspecialglassfiberconfigurationoffersthebestUV
6.7.1 UV-A Light Intensity Meter:
performance plus durability. Special glass fiber light bundles
Radiant energy is a physical quantity that can be measured
combine high UV output with the necessary flexibility and
directly in the laboratory by several types of optical radiation
durability required in these scopes.
detectors; such as thermopiles, bolometers, pyroelectric instru-
6.4 UV-A Pencil Lamps
ments, and radiometric meters. All UV measuring devices are
6.4.1 The pencil lamp is one of the smallest sources of
selective, and their sensitivity depends upon the wavelength of
UV-A radiation. It is generally a lamp coated with conversion
the radiation being measured.
phosphors that absorb the 254 nm (2540 Å) line of energy and
6.7.1.1 The thermopile uses two dissimilar metals and
convert this energy into a band peaking at 365 nm (3650 Å).
depends on electromotive force (EMF) to measure UV radia-
The lamp may be encased in a tubular glass filter that absorbs
tion.
visible light while transmitting maximum ultraviolet intensity.
6.7.1.2 The bolometer is a wheatstone bridge, one arm of
The pencil lamp is useful for fluorescent analysis and boro-
which is heated by the optical radiation to produce a response
scopic inspection in inaccessible locations.
to UV radiation.
NOTE 2—Pencil Lamps produce low levels of UV-A radiation.
6.7.1.3 Even though the above two instruments are very
sensitive, they are extremely delicate and their use is restricted
6.4.2 As with all metal vapor discharge lamps, the output of
to the laboratory.
a
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