ASTM A247-06e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The comparison of observed graphite particles with the structures shown in the charts give only purely descriptive information on the type, distribution, and size of the graphite in the sample being evaluated. It does not indicate except in a very broad way the origin of the graphite, or the suitability of the iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite in cast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size. This test method is intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloys containing graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons, malleable irons, and the ductile (nodular) irons.
1.2 The reference standards included in this test method are in no way to be construed as specifications. In an appropriate specification for a specific material where graphite microstructure is an important consideration this test method may be used as a reference to define concisely the graphite microstructure required.
1.3 These standards are offered primarily to permit accurate reporting of microstructures of cast irons and to facilitate the comparison of reports by different laboratories or investigators.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:A247–06
Standard Test Method for
1
Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Section 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
1. Scope bution, and size of observed graphite are compared with the
idealized microstructures in the standard charts and rated
1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite in
accordingly as closely as possible to the equal or similar
cast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size. This test
microstructures in the charts.
method is intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloys
containing graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons,
4. Significance and Use
malleable irons, and the ductile (nodular) irons.
4.1 The comparison of observed graphite particles with the
1.2 The reference standards included in this test method are
structures shown in the charts give only purely descriptive
in no way to be construed as specifications. In an appropriate
informationonthetype,distribution,andsizeofthegraphitein
specification for a specific material where graphite microstruc-
the sample being evaluated. It does not indicate except in a
ture is an important consideration this test method may be used
very broad way the origin of the graphite, or the suitability of
as a reference to define concisely the graphite microstructure
the iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.
required.
1.3 These standards are offered primarily to permit accurate
5. Test Specimens or Samples
reporting of microstructures of cast irons and to facilitate the
5.1 The preferred sample is a section cut from an actual
comparisonofreportsbydifferentlaboratoriesorinvestigators.
casting that is being evaluated. When this is impractical, a test
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lug or projection often can be cast attached to the casting and
safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility
sawedorbrokenofftobeusedasthesample.Ifneitherofthese
oftheuserofthisstandardtoconsultandestablishappropriate
methodsisconvenient,microscopicaltestcoupons,suchasthat
safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
recommended by the Ductile Iron Research Committee (12K)
regulatory limitations prior to use.
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of the American Foundrymen’s Society should be cast from
2. Referenced Documents metal representative of the castings poured.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6. Polishing
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
6.1 Grinding and polishing may follow the usual accepted
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
metallographic procedures as covered in Methods E3, except
3
Graphite Microstructure in Gray Iron (3 Plates)
that care must be taken that the graphite is retained at the
polished surface and not torn or dragged out. Use of diamond
3. Summary of Test Method
powder polishing compound in one of the final stages of
3.1 The reference diagrams included in this standard form
polishing is very effective in retaining the graphite at the
the basis for classification. Characteristic features of graphite
polished surface.
particles are designated by numerals and letters. Type, distri-
7. Classification of Graphite Form with Chart
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1
7.1 The graphite form type chart (Plate I) is used as a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing.
reference standard by scanning the polished specimen under
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
the microscope and noting the graphite forms in the micro-
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as A247 – 67 (1998).
structure that more nearly correspond to type designations on
DOI: 10.1520/A0247-06E01.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or the chart.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Transactions, American Foundrymen’s Society, 1960, p. 655.
3 5
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. Plates I, II, and III may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. Order
ADJA0247. Original adjunct produced in 1977 . ADJA0247.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: A 247 – 06
Designation:A247–67(Reapproved1998)
Standard Test Method for
1
Evaluating the Microstructure of Graphite in Iron Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 247; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Adjunct references were corrected editorially in April 2006.
—Section 2 was corrected editorially in August 2009.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the classification of graphite in cast irons in terms of type, distribution, and size. This test method
is intended to be applicable for all iron-carbon alloys containing graphite particles, and may be applied to gray irons, malleable
irons, and the ductile (nodular) irons.
1.2 The reference standards included in this test method are in no way to be construed as specifications. In an appropriate
specification for a specific material where graphite microstructure is an important consideration this test method may be used as
a reference to define concisely the graphite microstructure required.
1.3 These standards are offered primarily to permit accurate reporting of microstructures of cast irons and to facilitate the
comparison of reports by different laboratories or investigators.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E3 Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Graphite microstructure in gray iron (3 plates)
3
Graphite Microstructure in Gray Iron (3 Plates)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The reference diagrams included in this standard form the basis for classification. Characteristic features of graphite
particles are designated by numerals and letters. Type, distribution, and size of observed graphite are compared with the idealized
microstructures in the standard charts and rated accordingly as closely as possible to the equal or similar microstructures in the
charts.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The comparison of observed graphite particles with the structures shown in the charts give only purely descriptive
information on the type, distribution, and size of the graphite in the sample being evaluated. It does not indicate except in a very
broad way the origin of the graphite, or the suitability of the iron-carbon alloy for a particular service.
5. Test Specimens or Samples
5.1 The preferred sample is a section cut from an actual casting that is being evaluated. When this is impractical, a test lug or
projection often can be cast attached to the casting and sawed or broken off to be used as the sample. If neither of these methods
is convenient, microscopical test coupons, such as that recommended by the Ductile Iron Research Committee (12K) of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron Castings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A04.21 on Testing .
Current edition effective Aug. 25, 1967. Originally issued 1941. Replaces A247–47.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as A 247 – 67 (1998).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Plates I, II, and III may be obtained from ASTM Headquarters. Order ADJA0247.
3
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. . Original adjunct produced in 1977 .
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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A247–06
A247–67 (1998)
4
American Foundrymen’s Society should be cast from metal representative of the castings poured.
6. Polishing
6.1 Grinding and polishing may follow the usual accepted metallographic procedures as covered in Methods E 3, except that
care must be taken that the graphite is retained a
...
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