ASTM E280-98
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of original radiographs and are supplied as a means of establishing the categories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel castings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. They may be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
1.2 Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared with these reference radiographs for classification on the basis of the category and severity level of the discontinuity. These reference radiographs are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 1/2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm).
1.3 These reference radiographs consist of two set as follows:
1.3.1 2-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 -This includes cobalt-60 or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X rays.
1.3.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays.
1.4 Each set is for comparison only with the radiographs produced with equivalent radiation and consists of three categories of graded discontinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as follows:
1.4.1 Category A -Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.4.2 Category B -Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.4.3 Category C -Shrinkage; 3 types:
1.4.3.1 Type 1 -Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.4.3.2 Type 2 -Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.4.3.3 Type 3 -Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.4.4 Category D -Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972 documents.
1.4.5 Category E -Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-1972 documents.
1.4.6 Category F -Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-1972 documents.
1.5 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to be descriptive and not restrictive. The document may be used, where there is no other applicable document, for other energy levels or thicknesses, or both, for which it is found to be applicable and for which agreement has been reached between purchaser and manufacturer. Note 1-The two sets of reference radiographs consist of 56 radiographic reproductions (28 for each set) in 8 1/2 by 11-in. ring binders. In 1972, the number of categories was increased from five to six and the number of radiographic reproductions reduced from 37 to 28 for each set.
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E 280 – 98
Standard Reference Radiographs for
Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm)) Steel Castings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These reference radiographs for heavy-walled steel 2.1 ASTM Standards:
castings are applicable to nominal section thicknesses of 4 ⁄2 to E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
12 in. (114 to 305 mm) and consists of two sets as follows: E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.1.1 2-MV X rays and Cobalt-60—This includes cobalt-60 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
or equivalent isotope radiation and from 2 MV up to 4 MV X Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12-in. (114
rays. Set of 28 plates in 8 ⁄2 by 11 in. (216 by 279 mm) ring to 305-mm)) Steel Castings:
binders. Volume I, 2-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60
1.1.2 4-MV to 30-MV X rays. Volume II, 4-MV to 30-MV X Ray
1.1.3 Each set consists of three categories of graded discon-
3. Terminology
tinuities in increasing severity levels, and three categories of
ungraded discontinuities furnished as examples only, as fol- 3.1 Definitions—for definitions of terms used in this docu-
ment, see Terminology E 1316, section D.
lows:
1.1.3.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through
4. Significance and Use
5.
4.1 These reference radiographs are reproductions of origi-
1.1.3.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity
nal radiographs and are supplied as a means for establishing the
levels 1 through 5.
categories and severity levels of discontinuities in steel cast-
1.1.3.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 3 types:
ings that may be revealed by radiographic examination. They
(1) Type 1—Severity levels 1 through 5.
may be used in accordance with contractual specifications.
(2) Type 2—Severity levels 1 through 5.
4.2 Radiographs for evaluation are to be compared with
(3) Type 3—Severity levels 1 through 5.
these reference radiographs for classification on the basis of the
1.1.3.4 Category D—Crack; one illustration D5 in pre-1972
category and severity level of the discontinuity.
documents.
4.3 The use of this document is not intended to be restricted
1.1.3.5 Category E—Hot tear; one illustration D3 in pre-
to the specific energy level or to the absolute thickness limits
1972 documents.
that are contained in the document title. The title is intended to
1.1.3.6 Category F—Insert; one illustration EB2 in pre-
be descriptive, not restrictive. The document may be used
1972 documents.
where there is no other applicable document, for other energy
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
levels or thicknesses, or both, for which agreement has been
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
reached between purchaser and manufacture.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Method of Preparation
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The original radiographs used to prepare the accompa-
nying reference radiographs were produced on high contrast,
fine grain film by the respective use of radiation energies stated
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E07.02 on Reference Radiographs.
Current edition approved May 10, 1998. Published July 1998. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
published as E 280 – 65 T. Last previous edition E 280 – 93. Available from ASTM Headquarters.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Reference
Order RRE028001.
Radiographs SE 280 in Section V of that Code. Order RRE028002.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E280–98
in 1.1.1 and 1.1.2. The radiographs were made with a penet- and any such area or any area that shares a discontinuity with
rameter sensitivity as determined by ASTM penetrameters (see an adjacent film area shall meet the requirements as defined for
Guide E 94) of 2-2T. The reproductions have been prepared to acceptability. When the area of interest of a production
an H and D density of from 2.00 to 2.25 and they have retained radiograph is less than the unit area, such area of interest shall
substantially the contrast of the original radiographs.
be prorated to the reference radiographic area.
5.2 Film Deterioration—Radiographic films are subject to
8.4 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
wear and tear from handling and use. The extent to which the
present in the same production radiograph, the predominating
image deteriorates over time is a function of storage condi-
discontinuities, if unacceptable, shall govern without regard to
tions, care in handling and amount of use. Reference radio-
the other categories of discontinuities, and the casting rejected
graph films are no exception and may exhibit a loss in image
until satisfactorily repaired.
quality over time. The radiographs should therefore be peri-
8.5 When two or more categories of discontinuity are
odically examined for signs of wear and tear, including
present to an extent equal to the maximum permissible level as
scratches, abrasions, stains, and so forth. Any reference radio-
shown in the pertinent standards for each category, then that
graphs which show signs of excessive wear and tear which
part of the casting shall be judged unacceptable until satisfac-
could influence the interpretation and use of the radiographs
torily repaired.
should be replaced.
8.6 Refer
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