ASTM C865-02(2007)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C 862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C 862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Methods C 16, C 583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C865 − 02(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope C583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from
C704 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory
refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with
Materials at Room Temperature
Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also
C832 Test Method of Measuring Thermal Expansion and
recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature
Creep of Refractories Under Load
test methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
methods are used to test refractory concretes.
by Casting
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Comparison Techniques
information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to dupli-
cate any particular field applications.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Apparatus
C16 Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at
4.1 Kiln, equipped with instruments capable of controlling
High Temperatures
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, the heating rate of the kiln at 100 to 700°F (55 to 380°C)/h (see
6.5) and holding the soak temperature to 610°F (5.5°C) of the
Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned
nominal soak temperature. For temperatures up to 2500°F
Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
(1370°C) an electrically heated kiln is preferred, but gas- or
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
oil-fired kilns can be used for all temperatures, provided the
C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modu-
lus of Rupture of Refractories heating rates specified can be maintained, the flame of the
burners does not impinge directly on any specimen, and the
C210 TestMethodforReheatChangeofInsulatingFirebrick
C288 Test Method for Disintegration of Refractories in an furnace atmosphere contains a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with
0 % combustibles.
Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide
C401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate
4.2 Balances—For9by4 ⁄2 by 2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 51
Castable Refractories
or 76-mm) samples, a balance with a capacity of 15 lb (6.8 kg)
C546 Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High
and a sensitivity of 0.01 lb (4.5 g) is recommended; for smaller
Temperatures, Long Time (Withdrawn 1984)
specimens (for example, 6 by 1 by 1-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm)
bars), a 2-kg balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 g is recom-
1 mended.
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC08onRefractories
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
4.3 Caliper or Steel Rule, to measure the dimensions of the
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally
specimens. For large specimens, a 12-in. (305-mm) steel rule
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C865 – 02. DOI:
10.1520/C0865-02R07.
with 0.01-in. (0.3-mm) divisions is recommended. For smaller
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
specimens, a 250-mm caliper with 0.1-mm divisions is recom-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mended. Other measuring devices of the same or better
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. precision may also be used.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C865 − 02 (2007)
5. Preparation of Samples
Maximum Heating
Cross Section of Specimen Rate
5.1 Samples are prepared by casting in accordance with
in. mm °F/h °C/h
Methods C862. If the sample size of the cast specimen is the
⁄2 by 3 114 by 76 100 55
same as that specified for the test, it can be used directly.
1 1
4 ⁄2 by 2 ⁄2 114 by 65 100 55
However, cutting samples of the required size from larger cast
2 by 2 228 by 64 300 170
1 by 1 25 by 25 700 380
blocks will often be necessary (Note 1). In this case, it is
recommended that the samples be cut with a diamond saw.
At temperatures over 1500°F a heating rate up to 700°F
After cutting, the samples should be dried at 230°F (110°C) for
(390°C)/h is permissible. Generally, a slower heating rate does
a minimum of 18 h. All cut samples should have sharp edges
not affect the properties of the specimens adversely. Thus,
and corners and should not show pull-out of grains on the cut
when smaller and larger specimens are fired together, the
surfaces. For some low-strength castables, drying prior to
heating rate applicable to the larger specimens should be used.
cutting may be needed to increase their strength and resistance
NOTE 4—Different heating rates are specified for various samples to
to pull-outs.
ensure that the difference in temperature between the center and the
surface of the specimen does not exceed 45°F (25°C). Experimental
NOTE 1—Specimens cut from the interior of large cement bonded
evidence indicates that cracking may occur when a castable sample is
castables shapes may be stronger than specimens cut from small cast
heated too rapidly. The safe heat-up rate increases with decreasing sample
shapes because the interior of large cast shapes are exposed to high
size.
pressure steam during dryout which causes more complete hydration of
the cement.
6.6 Hold the specimens at the specified temperature for 5 h.
5.2 Some types of castables, especially those containing During the holding period a furnace atmosphere containing a
aggregates of a relatively low hardness (such as lightweight minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles should be
castables), may be cut on a dry saw. This procedure is maintained. For special high-temperature tests a longer or
acceptable provided that specimens with sharp corners and shorter holding time may be required, that is, 1 ⁄2 h for the
edges, which show no signs of
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 865–91(Reapproved 1995) Designation: C 865 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with
Practice C 862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test
methods such as Methods C 16, C 583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 16Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High
Temperatures
C 20 Test Methods forApparent Porosity,WaterAbsorption,Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C 113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C 133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
C 210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
C 288 Test Method for Disintegration of Refractories in an Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide
C 401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories
C 546 Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures, Long-TimeLong Time
C 583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
C 704Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature Test Method for Abrasion
Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
C 832 Test Method of Measuring Thermal Expansion and Creep of Refractories Under Load
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E 220Method for Calibration ofThermocouples by ComparisonTechniques Test Method for Calibration ofThermocouples By
Comparison Techniques
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with
Practice C 862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any
particular field applications.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Kiln, equipped with instruments capable of controlling the heating rate of the kiln at 100 to 700°F (55 to 380°C)/h (see 6.5)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-8 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithic Refractories .
Current edition approved July 15, 1991. Published September 1991. Originally published as C865–77. Last previous edition C865–87.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 865 – 02.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 15.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Discontinued. See 1985 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 15.01.
Withdrawn
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 865 – 02 (2007)
and holding the soak temperature to 610°F (5.5°C) of the nominal soak temperature. For temperatures up to 2500°F (1370°C) an
electrically heated kiln is preferred, but gas- or oil-fired kilns can be used for all temperatures, provided the heating rates specified
can be maintained, the flame of the burners does not impinge directly on any specimen, and the furnace atmosphere contains a
minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles.
4.2 Balances—For9by4 ⁄2 by 2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 51 or 76-mm) samples, a balance with a capacity of 15 lb (6.8 kg)
and a sensitivity of 0.01 lb (4.5 g) is recommended; for smaller specimens (for example, 6 by 1 by 1-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm)
bars), a 2-kg balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 g is recommended.
4.3 Caliper or Steel Rule, to measure the dimensions of the specimens. For large specimens, a 12-in. (305-mm) steel rule with
0.01-in. (0.3-mm) divisions is recommended. For smaller specimens, a 250-mm caliper with 0.1-mm divisions is recommended.
Other measuring devices of the same or better precision may also be used.
5. Preparation of Samples
5.1 Samples are prepared by casting in accordance with Methods C 862. If the sample size of the cast specimen is the same as
that specified for the test, it can be used directly. However, cutting samples of the required size from larger cast blocks will often
benecessary.Inthiscase,itisrecommendedthatthesamplesbecutwithadiamondsaw.Aftercutting,thesamplesshouldbedried
at 230°F (110°C) for a minimum of 18 h. All cut samples should have sharp edges and corners and should not show pull-out of
grains on the cut surfaces. For some low-strength castables, drying prior to cutting may be needed to increase their strength and
resistance to pull-outs. . If the sample size of the cast specimen is the same as that specified for the test, it can be used directly.
However, cutting samples of the required size from larger cast blocks will often be necessary (Note 1). In this case, it is
recommended that the samples be cut with a diamond saw. After cutting, the samples should be dried at 230°F (110°C) for a
minimum of 18 h.All cut samples should have sharp edges and corners and should not show pull-out of grains on the cut surfaces.
For some low-strength castables, drying prior to cutting may be needed to increase their strength and resistance to pull-outs.
NOTE 1—Specimens cut from the interior of large cement bonded castables shapes may be stronger than specimens cut from small cast shapes because
the interior of large cast shapes are exposed to high pressure steam during dryout which causes more complete hydration of the cement.
5.2 Some types of castables, especially those containing aggregates of a relatively low hardness (such as lightweight castables),
may be cut on a dry saw.This procedure is acceptable provided that specimens with sharp corners and edges, which show no signs
of grain pull-out at the cut surfaces, are obtained.
6. Procedure
6.1 Label all specimens with ceramic ink or ceramic crayons.
6.2 Measure all dimensions of the specimens using a steel rule or caliper. Make the measurement at the center of each side and
tothenearest0.01in.(0.3mm)or0.1mm,dep
...
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