ASTM E1402-08
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling
Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide describes the principal types of sampling designs and provides formulas for estimating population means and standard errors of the estimates. Practice E 105 provides principles for designing probability sampling plans in relation to the objectives of study, costs, and practical constraints. Practice E 122 aids in specifying the required sample size. Practice E 141 describes conditions to ensure validity of the results of sampling. Further description of the designs and formulas in this guide, and beyond it, can be found in textbooks (1-10 ).
Sampling, both discrete and bulk, is a clerical and physical operation. It generally involves training enumerators and technicians to use maps, directories and stop watches so as to locate designated sampling units. Once a sampling unit is located at its address, discrete sampling and area sampling enumeration proceeds to a measurement. For bulk sampling, material is extracted into a composite.
A sampling plan consists of instructions telling how to list addresses and how to select the addresses to be measured or extracted. A frame is a listing of addresses each of which is indexed by a single integer or by an n-tuple (several integer) number. The sampled population consists of all addresses in the frame that can actually be selected and measured. It is sometimes different from a targeted population that the user would have preferred to be covered.
A selection scheme designates which indexes constitute the sample. If certified random numbers completely control the selection scheme the sample is called a probability sample. Certified random numbers are those generated either from a table (e.g., (11)) that has been tested for equal digit frequencies and for serial independence, from a computer program that was checked to have a long cycle length, or from a random physical method such as tossing of a coin or a casino-quality spinner.
The objective of sampling is often to estimate the mean of the population for ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
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An American National Standard
Designation:E1402–08
Standard Guide for
1
Sampling Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 area sampling, n—probability sampling in which a
map, rather than a tabulation of sampling units, serves as the
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods
sampling frame.
for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Area sampling units are segments of
bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability
land area and are listed by addresses on the frame prior to their
sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
actual delineation on the ground so that only the randomly
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of
selected ones need to be exactly identified.
comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for
3.1.2 bulk sampling, n—sampling to prepare a portion of a
acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of
mass of material that is representative of the whole.
auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of
3.1.3 cluster sampling, n—sampling in which the sampling
the population.
unit consists of a group of subunits, all of which are measured
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
for sampled clusters.
1.4 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods
3.1.4 frame, n—a list, compiled for sampling purposes,
for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and
which designates all of the sampling units (items or groups) of
bulk materials. It provides an overview of common probability
a population or universe to be considered in a specific study.
sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This
3.1.5 multi-stage sampling, n—sampling in which the
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
sample is selected by stages, the sampling units at each stage
if any, associated with its use.
being selected from subunits of the larger sampling units
2. Referenced Documents
chosen at the previous stage.
2
3.1.5.1 Discussion—The sampling unit for the first stage is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the primary sampling unit. In multi-stage sampling, this unit is
D7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of Coal
,
further subdivided. The second stage unit is called the second-
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials
ary sampling unit. A third stage unit is called a tertiary
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
sampling unit. The final sample is the set of all last stage
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
sampling units that are obtained.As an example of sampling a
of a Lot or Process
lot of packaged product, the cartons of a lot could be the
E141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the
primary units, packages within the carton could be secondary
Results of Probability Sampling
units, and items within the packages could be the third-stage
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
units.
3. Terminology
3.1.6 nested sampling, n—same as multi-stage sampling.
3.1.7 primary sampling unit, PSU, n—the item, element,
3.1 Definitions: Terminology E456 contains a more exten-
increment, segment or cluster selected at the first stage of the
sive list of statistical terms.
selection procedure from a population or universe.
3.1.8 probability proportional to size sampling, PPS,
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and
n—probability sampling in which the probabilities of selection
Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling /
of sampling units are proportional, or nearly proportional, to a
Statistics
quantity (the “size”) that is known for all sampling units.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published January 2009. DOI: 10.1520/
E1402-08.
3.1.9 probability sample, n—a sample in which the sam-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
pling units are selected by a chance process such that a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
specified probability of selection can be attached to each
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. possible sample that can be selected.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1402–08
3.1.10 proportional sampling, n—a method of selection in 3.3 Symbo
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E1402–99 Designation:E1402–08
StandardStandard GuideTerminologyfor Relating to Sampling
1
Sampling Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This terminology covers those items related to statistical aspects of sampling.
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk
materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for
acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the
population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk
materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of Coal
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling ofOf Materials
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, theAverage for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E 141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3. Significance and Use
3.1This terminology standard is a subsidiary to Terminology E456.
3.2It provides definitions, descriptions, discussions, and comparison of terms.
4.Terminology acceptance quality limit (AQL),
3.1 Definitions: Terminology E 456 contains a more extensive list of statistical terms.
3.1.1 area sampling, n— quality level that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots is submitted
for acceptance sampling.
DISCUSSION—This concept only applies when a sampling scheme with rules for switching and discontinuation such as in ISO 2859-1 or ISO 3951
is used. Although individual lots with quality as bad as the acceptance quality limit may be accepted with fairly high probability, the designation of
an acceptance quality limit does not suggest that this is a desirable quality level. Sampling schemes found in international standards such as ISO
2859-1, with their rules for switching and discontinuation of sampling inspection, are designed to encourage suppliers to have process averages
consistently better than AQL. Otherwise, there is a high risk that the inspection severity will be switched to tightened inspection, under which the
criteria for lot acceptance become more demanding. Once on tightened inspection, unless action is taken to improve the process, it is very likely that
the rule requiring discontinuation of sampling inspection pending such improvement will be invoked.
clustersampling,—probabilitysamplinginwhichamap,ratherthanatabulationofsamplingunits,servesasthesamplingframe.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Area sampling units are segments of land area and are listed by addresses on the frame prior to their actual
delineation on the ground so that only the randomly selected ones need to be exactly identified.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on
Editorial/Terminology.
Current edition approved Nov. 16, 2001. Published February 2000. Originally published as E1402–91. Last previous edition E1402–96.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling / Statistics
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published January 2009.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 14.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E1402–99 Designation:E1402–08
StandardStandard GuideTerminologyfor Relating to Sampling
1
Sampling Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This terminology covers those items related to statistical aspects of sampling.
1.1 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk
materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards.
1.2 Sampling may be done for the purpose of estimation, of comparison between parts of a sampled population, or for
acceptance of lots. Sampling is also used for the purpose of auditing information obtained from complete enumeration of the
population.
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.
1.4 This guide defines terms and introduces basic methods for probability sampling of discrete populations, areas, and bulk
materials. It provides an overview of common probability sampling methods employed by users of ASTM standards. This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 7430 Practice for Mechanical Sampling of Coal
E 105 Practice for Probability Sampling ofOf Materials
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, theAverage for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E 141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
E 456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
3. Significance and Use
3.1This terminology standard is a subsidiary to Terminology E456.
3.2It provides definitions, descriptions, discussions, and comparison of terms.
4.Terminology acceptance quality limit (AQL),
3.1 Definitions: Terminology E 456 contains a more extensive list of statistical terms.
3.1.1 area sampling, n— quality level that is the worst tolerable process average when a continuing series of lots is submitted
for acceptance sampling.
DISCUSSION—This concept only applies when a sampling scheme with rules for switching and discontinuation such as in ISO 2859-1 or ISO 3951
is used. Although individual lots with quality as bad as the acceptance quality limit may be accepted with fairly high probability, the designation of
an acceptance quality limit does not suggest that this is a desirable quality level. Sampling schemes found in international standards such as ISO
2859-1, with their rules for switching and discontinuation of sampling inspection, are designed to encourage suppliers to have process averages
consistently better than AQL. Otherwise, there is a high risk that the inspection severity will be switched to tightened inspection, under which the
criteria for lot acceptance become more demanding. Once on tightened inspection, unless action is taken to improve the process, it is very likely that
the rule requiring discontinuation of sampling inspection pending such improvement will be invoked.
clustersampling,—probabilitysamplinginwhichamap,ratherthanatabulationofsamplingunits,servesasthesamplingframe.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Area sampling units are segments of land area and are listed by addresses on the frame prior to their actual
delineation on the ground so that only the randomly selected ones need to be exactly identified.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.70 on
Editorial/Terminology.
Current edition approved Nov. 16, 2001. Published February 2000. Originally published as E1402–91. Last previous edition E1402–96.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E11.10 on Sampling / Statistics
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published January 2009.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 14.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-295
...
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