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ASTM E2945-14(2021)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability Cells

Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability Cells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a simple approach for determining the transmission properties of film membranes and sheeting over a range of permeability exceeding four orders of magnitude. This test method is described here to measure the permeability of films used in soil fumigation, but it is also appropriate for other gases and membranes if the analytical methods are appropriately modified.  
5.2 This test method can be used for single or mixed compounds. This test method uses small quantities of test chemicals in vapor form, and microgram to milligram quantities of each chemical may produce a sufficient amount of vapor for each test depending on the analytical methods.  
5.3 Interlaboratory testing showed that the MTC estimated by this test method is relatively insensitive to the laboratory procedures. The interlaboratory testing involved measuring the MTC for several soil fumigant compounds and a wide range of film permeability. Analysts with prior experience handling and analyzing gaseous fumigant compounds had lower coefficients of variation (10 % to 20 %) compared to less experienced analysts (20 % to 50 %) based on triplicate tests. The coefficient of variation between laboratories was higher for less permeable film materials than for films with high MTC. This was attributed to the additional length of the experiments and potential for increased leakage from the apparatus and was most pronounced for less experienced analysts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the transmission of a gas through plastic membranes, sheeting, films, and fabric materials using a static sealed diffusion chamber. The test method monitors gas diffusion across a film membrane and provides measurements of (1) gas concentrations on each side of the film membrane and (2) estimates of the mass transfer coefficient (MTC) for the tested gas and film material. The MTC represents the film permeability and is independent of the concentration gradient used during testing, which simplifies some aspects of the experimental design.  
1.2 This test method permits the loading of mixed vapors and simultaneous determination of the permeability of one film to various gases.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
E35 - Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents
Drafting Committee
E35.22 - Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2945-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability CellsASTM E2945-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability Cells
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ASTM E2945-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability Cells
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2945 − 14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Film Permeability Determination Using Static Permeability
1
Cells
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope D1898Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the trans-
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
mission of a gas through plastic membranes, sheeting, films,
and fabric materials using a static sealed diffusion chamber.
3. Terminology
Thetestmethodmonitorsgasdiffusionacrossafilmmembrane
3.1 Definitions:
and provides measurements of (1) gas concentrations on each
3.1.1 concentration, C, n—chemical mass divided by the
side of the film membrane and (2) estimates of the mass
chamber volume.
transfer coefficient (MTC) for the tested gas and film material.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—C is the initial (t = 0) concentration in
The MTC represents the film permeability and is independent
o
3
the source chamber. The SI unit of concentration is µg/cm .
of the concentration gradient used during testing, which
simplifies some aspects of the experimental design.
3.1.2 concentration gradient, n—difference in the concen-
tration of gases across the film membrane divided by the
1.2 This test method permits the loading of mixed vapors
transport distance between the source and collection chambers
andsimultaneousdeterminationofthepermeabilityofonefilm
(for example, usually considered to be the film thickness).
to various gases.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The SI unit of the concentration gradi-
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
3
ent is µg/cm -cm.
as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in
3.1.3 mass transfer coeffıcient, MTC, n—gas diffusion rate
this standard.
constant that relates the mass transfer rate, distance, and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
concentration gradient as the driving force through a film
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
membrane under the test conditions.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—TheSIunitoftheMTCiscm/hour.The
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
MTC expresses the ease of transmission of a gas through a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
membrane under test conditions. The test conditions shall be
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
stated, which include the ambient temperature, relative
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
humidity, film conditioning, sampling, and handling.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.4 mass transfer rate, J, n—mass transfer rate, or flux
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
density,ofagasdiffusingthroughafilmmembraneisthemass
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2
of gas passing through a unit area (for example, 1 cm)offilm
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
membraneperunittimeinterval(forexample,1h).TheSIunit
2
2. Referenced Documents
of J is µg/cm hour.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Method
D618Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
4.1 This test method uses a static sealed apparatus consist-
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
ing of two chambers separated by the test-film membrane.The
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
testchemicalinthevaporphaseisaddedtothechamberonone
responsibility of Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery
side of the film and the apparatus is incubated at constant
Systems.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally temperature during which the chemical diffuses through the
approved in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2945–14 DOI:
test membrane. This test method requires determination of the
10.1520/E2945-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
...

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ABSTRACT
This specification covers semirigid, flame-retardant, crosslinked poly(vinylidene fluoride) heat-shrinkable tubing for electrical insulation purposes. It is supplied in an expanded form and will shrink to its extruded diameter when heated. The tubing shall be extruded, crosslinked, and then expanded to the required dimensions. The material shall conform to the chemical property requirements specified. Every lot of material manufactured shall be tested for restricted shrinkage, heat shock, tensile strength, and elongation to conform to the mechanical, thermal, electrical requirements.
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5.1 When a drop of liquid rests on the surface of a solid, and a gas is in contact with both, the forces acting at the interfaces must balance. These forces can be represented by surface energies acting in the direction of the surfaces and it follows that:
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ASTM
ASTM F736-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Impact Resistance of Monolithic Polycarbonate Sheet by Means of a Falling Weight

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable for qualitatively evaluating coated and uncoated monolithic polycarbonate sheet material, for monitoring process control, for screening studies, and as an aid in the prediction of hardware performance when exposed to impact service conditions.  
5.2 A limitation of Type A specimen testing is that a thick sheet may not fail since the available impact energy is limited by the maximum drop height and falling weight capacity of the test apparatus. Use Specimen Type A for material less than 12.7 mm (0.50 in.) thick.  
5.3 Within the range of drop heights of this system, tests employing different velocities are not expected to produce different results. However, for a given series of tests, the drop height should be held constant so that velocity of impact (strain rate) will not be a variable.  
5.4 As the polycarbonate specimen undergoes large plastic deformation under impact, the down (opposite impact) side is under tensile loading and most influential in initiating failure. For that reason, polycarbonate sheet coated on one side should be tested with the coated side down.  
5.5 Direct comparison of specimen Type A and specimen Type B test results should not be attempted. For test programs that will require the comparison of interlaboratory test results the specimen type and the approximate drop height must be specified.  
5.6 Monolithic polycarbonate sheet is notch sensitive. Data obtained from other test methods, particularly notched Izod/Charpy test results, and extremely high- or low-strain rate test results, should not be compared directly to data obtained from this method. It is noted that Type A specimens, free of flaws, have not experienced the characteristic ductile-to-brittle transition between thin, less than 3.18 mm (1/8 in.), and thick, greater than 7.94 mm (5/16 in.), sheet as reflected by other test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the energy required to initiate failure in monolithic polycarbonate sheet material under specified conditions of impact using a free falling weight.  
1.2 Two specimen types are defined as follows:  
1.2.1 Type A consists of a flat plate test specimen and employs a clamped ring support.  
1.2.2 Type B consists of a simply supported three-point loaded beam specimen (Fig. 1) for use with material which can not be failed using the Type A specimen. For a maximum drop height of 6.096 m (20 ft) and a maximum drop weight of 22.68 kg (50 lb), virgin polycarbonate greater than 12.70 mm (1/2 in.) thick will require use of the Type B specimen.  
Note 1: See also ASTM Methods: D1709, D2444 and D3029.
FIG. 1 Type B Specimen Geometry and Loading  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement, See Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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