ASTM E2581-14
(Practice)Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
Standard Practice for Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shearography is commonly used during product process design and optimization, process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection, and can be used to measure static and dynamic axial (tensile and compressive) strain, as well as shearing, Poisson, bending, and torsional strains. The general types of defects detected by shearography include delamination, deformation under load, disbond/unbond, microcracks, and thickness variation.
5.2 Additional information is given in Guide E2533 about the advantages and limitations of the shearography technique, use of related ASTM documents, specimen geometry and size considerations, calibration and standardization, and physical reference standards.
5.3 For procedures for shearography of filament-wound pressure vessels, otherwise known as composite overwrapped pressure vessels, consult Guide E2982.
5.4 Factors that influence shearography and therefore shall be reported include but are not limited to the following: laminate (matrix and fiber) material, lay-up geometry, fiber volume fraction (flat panels); facing material, core material, facing stack sequence, core geometry (cell size); core density, facing void content, and facing volume percent reinforcement (sandwich core materials); processing and fabrication methods, overall thickness, specimen alignment, specimen conditioning, specimen geometry, and test environment (flat panels and sandwich core materials). Shearography has been used with excellent results for composite and metal face sheet sandwich panels with both honeycomb and foam cores, solid monolithic composite laminates, foam cryogenic fuel tank insulation, bonded cork insulation, aircraft tires, elastomeric and plastic coatings. Frequently, defects at multiple and far side bond lines can be detected.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites. The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3×106 psi)) fibers, but may also contain discontinuous fiber, fabric, or particulate reinforcement.
1.2 This practice describes established shearography procedures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials during product process design and optimization, manufacturing process control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspection.
1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials containing but not limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide), polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross-ply and angle-ply laminates; as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich materials and structures.
1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer matrix composites or sandwich core materials for service.
1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are certified according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in-service maintenance, or damage examination activity.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter...
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Designation: E2581 −14
Standard Practice for
Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites and Sandwich
1
Core Materials in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope anycompositecomponentdesign,qualityassurance,in-service
maintenance, or damage examination activity.
1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
polymer matrix composites and sandwich core materials made
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix com-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
posites. The composite materials under consideration typically
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3×106
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
psi))fibers,butmayalsocontaindiscontinuousfiber,fabric,or
particulate reinforcement.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This practice describes established shearography proce-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies
C274Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
that have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
matrix composites and sandwich core materials during product
D5687/D5687MGuide for Preparation of Flat Composite
process design and optimization, manufacturing process
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
control, after manufacture inspection, and in service inspec-
tion
tion.
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix
Testing
composites and sandwich core materials containing but not
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced
limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide),
Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide),
E1434Guide for Recording Mechanical Test Data of Fiber-
polyimide (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene
Reinforced Composite Materials in Databases
sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron,
E1471Guide for Identification of Fibers, Fillers, and Core
carbon, glass, quartz, or silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-
Materials in Computerized Material Property Databases
fabricatedgeometriesincludeuniaxial,cross-plyandangle-ply
E2533Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Polymer Matrix
laminates; as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich
Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
materials and structures.
E2982Guide for Nondestructive Testing of Thin-Walled
MetallicLinersinFilament-WoundPressureVesselsUsed
1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and
in Aerospace Applications
is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer
F1364Practice for Use of a Calibration Device to Demon-
matrix composites or sandwich core materials for service.
strate the Inspection Capability of an Interferometric
1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there
Laser Imaging Nondestructive Tire Inspection System
are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that
3
2.2 ASNT Standards:
are certified according to industry and company NDT specifi-
SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
cations. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be a part of
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Specialized NDT Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved as E2581-07. DOI: 10.1520/ AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
E2581-14. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2581 − 07 E2581 − 14
Standard Practice for
Shearography of Polymer Matrix Composites, Composites
and Sandwich Core Materials and Filament-Wound Pressure
1
Vessels in Aerospace Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes procedures for shearography of polymer matrix composites, composites and sandwich core
materials, and filament-wound pressure vessels materials made entirely or in part from fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composites.
The composite materials under consideration typically contain continuous high modulus (greater than 20 GPa (3×106 psi)) fibers,
but may also contain discontinuous fiber, fabric, or particulate reinforcement.
1.2 This practice describes established shearography procedures that are currently used by industry and federal agencies that
have demonstrated utility in quality assurance of polymer matrix composites, composites and sandwich core materials, and
filament-wound pressure vessels materials during product process design and optimization, manufacturing process control,
postafter manufacture inspection, and in service inspection.
1.3 This practice has utility for testing of polymer matrix composites, composites and sandwich core materials, and
filament-wound pressure vessels materials containing but not limited to bismaleimide, epoxy, phenolic, poly(amideimide),
polybenzimidazole, polyester (thermosetting and thermoplastic), poly(ether ether ketone), poly(ether imide), polyimide (thermo-
setting and thermoplastic), poly(phenylene sulfide), or polysulfone matrices; and alumina, aramid, boron, carbon, glass, quartz, or
silicon carbide fibers. Typical as-fabricated geometries include uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply cross-ply and angle-ply laminates;
as well as honeycomb and foam core sandwich materials and structures.
1.4 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria and is not intended to be used as a means for approving polymer matrix
composites, composites or sandwich core materials, or filament-wound pressure vessels for service. (Please note that a flaw does
not become a defect until rejected by acceptance/rejection criteria.)materials for service.
1.5 To ensure proper use of the referenced standards, there are recognized nondestructive testing (NDT) specialists that are
certified in accordance with according to industry and company NDT specifications. It is recommended that an NDT specialist be
a part of any composite component design, quality assurance, in service in-service maintenance, or damage examination activity.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C274 Terminology of Structural Sandwich Constructions
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1309 Guide for Identification of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials in Databases
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Specialized NDT
Methods.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2007Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2007December 2014. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved as E2581-07.
DOI: 10.1520/E2581-07.10.1520/E2581-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E2581 − 14
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1434 Guide for Recording Mechanic
...
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