ASTM F1252-16

Standard Test Method for Measuring Optical Reflectivity of Transparent Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Reflections from aircraft transparencies of instrument lights and other cockpit objects have been a concern to many pilots. Attempts to reduce these reflections have been hampered by the lack of a repeatable measurement method and variances in reflection measuring instrumentation.  
4.2 This test method reduces the instrument variations by standardizing the light source, calculation method, and area of specimen surface being measured; a brand of instrumentation is not specified. Since the reflectivity is defined as the ratio of two luminance measurements and does not depend on an absolute measurement, dependence upon the accuracy of the calibration of the measuring instrument is reduced.  
4.3 The test method may be used to objectively compare the reflection characteristics of various transparent materials. Furthermore, the test method may be used to evaluate reflections of a specified spectral distribution light source (for example, a monochromatic light-emitting diode) by using that source in place of the standard light source.  
4.4 Provisions are made to check for polarization effects of the sample and to record the reflectivity of a standard specimen. These provisions are offered as an option to the tester; it is up to the user or the requiring agency to determine the significance and use of these data.  
4.5 Since the reflections are measured photopically, the results are representative of what the pilot would visually perceive.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the reflectivity of transparent materials, hereafter known as specimens. The results are repeatable without specifying a particular brand name of instrumentation.  
1.2 This test method applies to substantially flat parts. Errors in measurement can occur if the parts being measured are not substantially flat.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2016
• ICS: 17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
• Technical Committee: F07 - Aerospace and Aircraft
• Drafting Committee: F07.08 - Transparent Enclosures and Materials

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F1252 −16
Standard Test Method for
1
Measuring Optical Reflectivity of Transparent Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope specimen thickness increase, the two images will diverge.)The
light source used shall be specified and reported as part of the
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the
test results.
reflectivity of transparent materials, hereafter known as speci-
2.1.4 measurement field size, n—the angular extent, in
mens.The results are repeatable without specifying a particular
degrees or arc minutes, of the measurement aperture of the
brand name of instrumentation.
photometer.
1.2 This test method applies to substantially flat parts.
2.1.5 photometer, n—any commercial photometer or pho-
Errors in measurement can occur if the parts being measured
topic filtered radiometer with a suitable measurement field size
are not substantially flat.
(1° or smaller is recommended). A model with a viewfinder is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
recommended.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
2.1.6 pivot point, n—the point in space at which the incident
standard.
light ray and reflected light ray are to intersect (see Fig. 1).
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.1.7 reflectivity, adj—the reflectivity of a transparent speci-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
men is defined as the ratio of the luminance of the reflected
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
image of a light source to the luminance of the light source.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
The reflectivity will depend upon several factors: the angle at
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which the reflected light is measured, the thickness, surface
quality, and type of material of the specimen, whether the
2. Terminology
specimen is coated, the spectral distribution of the light source,
2.1 Definitions:
and the spectral sensitivity of the measurement device. The
2.1.1 angle of incidence (Θ ), n—in the plane of the light
i
reflectivity, as defined here, includes the small amount of
source, specimen, and photometer, the angle of incidence is the
scattered light that contributes to the luminance of the reflected
angle between the incident light ray and the normal to the
image.
surface (see Fig. 1).
3. Summary of Test Method
2.1.2 angle of reflection (Θ ), n—in the plane of the light
r
source, specimen, and photometer, the angle of reflection is the
3.1 The luminance of the standard source is determined by
angle between the reflected light ray and the normal to the
measuring it directly with the photometer. The luminance of
surface (see Fig. 1).
the reflection of the source, from both the front and back
surfaces of the specimen, is then measured off the specimen at
2.1.3 light source, n—unless otherwise specified, the Na-
aspecifiedgeometry.Theluminanceofthereflectionisdivided
tional Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) diffused
by the luminance of the source to obtain the reflectivity of the
nonpolarized Standard IlluminanceAor C light source shall be
specimen.
used. The light source size shall be such that there shall be
sufficient overlap of the front and rear images on the specimen
4. Significance and Use
to overfill the measurement field size of the photometer. This
4.1 Reflections from aircraft transparencies of instrument
measurement field size, and front and back reflected image
lights and other cockpit objects have been a concern to many
overlap, are illustrated in Fig. 2. (As angle of incidence and
pilots. Attempts to reduce these reflections have been ham-
pered by the lack of a repeatable measurement method and
variances in reflection measuring instrumentation.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on
Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on
4.2 This test method reduces the instrument variations by
Transparent Enclosures and Materials.
standardizing the light source, calculation method, and area of
Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Originally
specimen surface being measured; a brand of instrumentation
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1252 – 10. DOI:
10.1520/F1252-16. is not specified. Since the reflectivity is defined as the ratio of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1252 − 10 F1252 − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Measuring Optical Reflectivity of Transparent Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the reflectivity of transparent materials, hereafter known as specimens.
The results are repeatable without specifying a particular brand name of instrumentation.
1.2 This test method applies to substantially flat parts. Errors in measurement can occur if the parts being measured are not
substantially flat.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Terminology
2.1 Definitions:
2.1.1 angle of incidence (Θ )), —n—in the plane of the light source, specimen, and photometer, the angle of incidence is the
i
angle between the incident light ray and the normal to the surface (see Fig. 1).
2.1.2 angle of reflection (Θ )), —n—in the plane of the light source, specimen, and photometer, the angle of reflection is the
r
angle between the reflected light ray and the normal to the surface (see Fig. 1).
2.1.3 light source—source, n—unless otherwise specified, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) diffused
nonpolarized Standard Illuminance A or C light source shall be used. The light source size willshall be such that there willshall
be sufficient overlap of the front and rear images on the specimen to overfill the measurement field size of the photometer. This
overlap is measurement field size, and front and back reflected image overlap, are illustrated in Fig. 2. (As angle of incidence and
specimen thickness increase, the two images will diverge.) The light source used shouldshall be specified and reported as part of
the test results.
2.1.4 measurement field size—size, n—the angular extent, in degrees, degrees or arc minutes, of the measurement aperture of
the photometer.
2.1.5 photometer—photometer, n—any commercial photometer or photopic filtered radiometer with a suitable measurement
field size (1° or smaller is recommended). A model with a viewfinder is recommended.
2.1.6 pivot point—point, n—the point in space at which the incident light ray and reflected light ray are to intersect (see Fig.
1).
2.1.7 reflectivity—reflectivity, adj—the reflectivity of a transparent specimen is defined as the ratio of the luminance of the
reflected image of a light source to the luminance of the light source. The reflectivity will depend upon several factors: the angle
at which the reflected light is measured, the thickness, surface quality, and type of material of the specimen, whether the specimen
is coated, the spectral distribution of the light source, and the spectral sensitivity of the measurement device. The reflectivity, as
defined here, includes the small amount of scattered light that contributes to the luminance of the reflected image.
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The luminance of the standard source is determined by measuring it directly with the photometer. The luminance of the
reflection of the source source, from both the front and back surfaces of the specimen, is then measured off the specimen at a
specified geometry. The luminance of the reflection is divided by the luminance of the source to obtain the reflectivity of the
specimen.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F07 on Aerospace and Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F07.08 on Transparent
Enclosures and Materials.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010April 1, 2016. Published January 2011April 2016. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20082010 as
F1252 – 08.F1252 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/F1252-10.10.1520/F1252-16.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1252 − 16
FIG. 1 Apparatus Set-Up
FIG. 2 Photometer Field of ViewMeasurement Field Siz
...