ASTM E662-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials
Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials and assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or other variables are involved.
The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this test method is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision are not measured by this test method. Correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.
At the present time no basis is provided for predicting the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure to heat and flame under other fire conditions.
The test method is of a complex nature and the data obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1
In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm).
1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion.
1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke.
1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes.
1.5 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.
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An American National Standard
Designation: E662 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D2843 TestMethodforDensityofSmokefromtheBurning
or Decomposition of Plastics
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid
materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in
3. Terminology
thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm).
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms found in this test
1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam
method refer to Terminology E176.
by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating
within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decom-
4. Summary of Test Method
position and flaming combustion.
4.1 This test method employs an electrically heated radiant-
1.3 Resultsareexpressedintermsofspecificopticaldensity
energy source mounted within an insulated ceramic tube and
which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured
positioned so as to produce an irradiance level of 2.2 Btu/
optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentra-
2 2
s·ft (2.5 W/cm ) averaged over the central 1.5-in. (38.1-mm)
tion of smoke.
diameter area of a vertically mounted specimen facing the
1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and
radiant heater. The nominal 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by 76.2-mm)
development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory
specimen is mounted within a holder which exposes an area
purposes.
9 9
measuring 2 ⁄16 by 2 ⁄16 in. (65.1 by 65.1 mm). The holder is
1.5 This standard measures and describes the response of
able to accommodate specimens up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick.
materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
This exposure provides the nonflaming condition of the test.
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all
4.2 For the flaming condition, a six-tube burner is used to
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
apply a row of equidistant flamelets across the lower edge of
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
the exposed specimen area and into the specimen holder
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
trough. This application of flame in addition to the specified
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
irradiance level from the heating element constitutes the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
flaming combustion exposure.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.3 The test specimens are exposed to the flaming and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nonflaming conditions within a closed chamber.Aphotometric
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
systemwithaverticallightpathisusedtomeasurethevarying
as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information
light transmission as smoke accumulates. The light transmit-
only.
tance measurements are used to calculate specific optical
density of the smoke generated during the time period to reach
2. Referenced Documents
3
2
the maximum value.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
specificopticaldensityofthesmokegeneratedbyspecimensof
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
Combustion Products.
materials and assemblies under the specified exposure condi-
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally
tions. Values determined by this test are specific to the
´1
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E662–06 . DOI:
10.1520/E0662-09.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Additionalparameters,suchasthemaximumrateofsmokeaccumulation,time
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on to a fixed optical density level, or a smoke obscuration index provide potentially
the ASTM website. useful information. See Appendix X1.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
´1
Designation:E662–06 Designation: E 662 – 09
Standard Test Method for
Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Added research report footnote to Section 14 editorially in September 2008.
1. Scope
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials
and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm).
1.2 Measurementismadeoftheattenuationofalightbeambysmoke(suspendedsolidorliquidparticles)accumulatingwithin
a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decomposition and flaming combustion.
1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured
optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentration of smoke.
1.4 This test method is intended for use in research and development and not as a basis for ratings for regulatory purposes.
1.5 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled
conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products
or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Values stated in parentheses are for information only.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2843 Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms found in this test method refer to Terminology E176.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method employs an electrically heated radiant-energy source mounted within an insulated ceramic tube and
2 2
positioned so as to produce an irradiance level of 2.2 Btu/s·ft (2.5 W/cm ) averaged over the central 1.5-in. (38.1-mm) diameter
area of a vertically mounted specimen facing the radiant heater. The nominal 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by 76.2-mm) specimen is mounted
9 9
withinaholderwhichexposesanareameasuring2 ⁄16by2 ⁄16in.(65.1by65.1mm).Theholderisabletoaccommodatespecimens
up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick. This exposure provides the nonflaming condition of the test.
4.2 For the flaming condition, a six-tube burner is used to apply a row of equidistant flamelets across the lower edge of the
exposed specimen area and into the specimen holder trough. This application of flame in addition to the specified irradiance level
from the heating element constitutes the flaming combustion exposure.
4.3 The test specimens are exposed to the flaming and nonflaming conditions within a closed chamber.Aphotometric system
with a vertical light path is used to measure the varying light transmission as smoke accumulates. The light transmittance
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandardsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE05.21onSmokeandCombustion
Products.
Current edition approved July 15, 2006. Published August 2006. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E662–05.
´1
Current edition approved March 1, 2009. Published April 2009. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E662–06 .
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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E662–09
measurements are used to calculate specific optical density of the smoke generated during the time period to re
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