ASTM D5293-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-495 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 mPa·s and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at –17.8 °C and between 2000 mPa·s and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at –28.9 °C. The detailed relationship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method D26026 and CRC Report 409.5 Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between –1 °C and –40 °C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.7
5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 °C down to –40 °C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).8
5.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in engine oil formulations. A significant number of the calibration oils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine oil formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and –35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s–1 for viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D5293 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold
and Viscosity Oil Standards
cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
–35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to
5 4 –1 At Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for
3
(Withdrawn 1993)
viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model
Petroleum Products
and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity
2.2 ISO Standard:
results by this method are related to engine-cranking charac-
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
teristics of engine oils.
4
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of
3. Terminology
highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix
X2.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated
viscosity at all shear rates.
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
cold-cranking simulator.
viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 viscosity, η,n—the property of a fluid that determines
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
standard.
τ
η 5 (1)
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
γ
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
where:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
τ = the stress per unit area, and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
γ = the rate of shear.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
statements are given in Section 8.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of the ASTM website.
3
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved July 1, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally www.astm.org.
4
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5293 – 15. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D5293-17. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5293 − 17
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral
7
oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of
this test method.
5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
engine performance s
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5293 − 15 D5293 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking
simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and –35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to 100 000 Pa and shear
5 4 –1
rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is
dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related
to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils At Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator (Withdrawn
3
1993)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
2.2 ISO Standard:
4
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates.
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
3.1.3 viscosity, η, n—the property of a fluid that determines its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
τ
η5 (1)
γ
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2015July 1, 2017. Published May 2015August 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as
D5293 – 14.D5293 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D5293-15.10.1520/D5293-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5293 − 17
where:
τ = the stress per unit area, and
γ = the rate of shear.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
It is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the resistance to flow of the liquid.
In the SI, the unit of viscosity is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple (millipascal-second) is more convenient and
is customarily used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
...
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