ASTM D6347/D6347M-05(2018)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Bulk Density of Coal Using Nuclear Backscatter Depth Density Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measured mean bulk density of a coal stockpile is used with a measurement of the stockpile volume per Test Method D6172. Procedures to determine the quantity of stockpiled coal. This measure of quantity is often used as a reference value for adjusting inventory records.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the bulk density of coal using instrumentation that measures the relative backscatter of nuclear gamma radiation throughout the depth of the stockpile under test.  
1.2 This procedure is applicable to all ranks of coal.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The equipment uses radioactive materials, which may be hazardous to the health of users, unless proper precautions are taken.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2018
• ICS: 17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
• ICS: 73.040 - Coals
• Technical Committee: D05 - Coal and Coke
• Drafting Committee: D05.07 - Physical Characteristics of Coal

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D6347/D6347M-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Bulk Density of Coal Using Nuclear Backscatter Depth Density Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1586-11 - Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM D6172-98(2010) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2010
• Refers: ASTM D1586-08a - Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1586-08 - Standard Test Method for Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2008
• Refers: ASTM D6172-98(2004) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2004
• Refers: ASTM D1586-99 - Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-1999
• Refers: ASTM D6172-98e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures
• Effective Date: 03-Nov-1998
• Referred By: ASTM D6542-05(2018)e1 - Standard Practice for Tonnage Calculation of Coal in a Stockpile
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018

Overview

ASTM D6347/D6347M-05(2018) is the standard test method for determining the bulk density of coal using nuclear backscatter depth density methods. Published by ASTM International, this widely recognized standard provides essential procedures for accurately measuring coal stockpile density using nuclear instrumentation that detects gamma radiation backscatter throughout the entire depth of a coal stockpile. The resulting mean bulk density values are critical for inventory control, stockpile quantity estimates, and operational decision-making across the global coal industry.

This standard applies to all coal ranks and is designed to complement other inventory measuring techniques, such as those specified in ASTM D6172 for stockpile volume determination. By establishing reliable, repeatable methods, ASTM D6347/D6347M supports consistency and accuracy in coal inventory management.

Key Topics

• Bulk Density Determination: Methods to measure mean bulk density of coal using nuclear gamma radiation backscatter devices.
• Applicability: Suitable for all ranks and types of coal.
• Field Calibration: On-site calibration procedures to account for variations in coal composition and conditions, ensuring accurate measurements.
• Sampling and Penetration: Guidelines on developing a representative sampling plan, marking access holes, and using various penetration and sampling techniques (e.g., split-barrel sampler, augers, hydraulic access).
• Standardization and Safety: Requirements for probe standardization and safety protocols for handling nuclear sources, including regulatory compliance.
• Data Analysis and Reporting: Recommendations for organizing, analyzing, and reporting measured data, including statistical precision and calibration curve generation.
• Unit Consistency: Clarification on the use of SI or inch-pound units, with guidelines to avoid mixing measurement systems.

Applications

ASTM D6347/D6347M holds significant practical value for a range of stakeholders in the coal industry:

• Inventory Control: Enables accurate reconciliation between physical inventory and book records, supporting effective stockpile management and loss mitigation.
• Resource Planning: Assists power plants, coal terminals, and mining operations in logistical planning, purchasing decisions, and compliance reporting.
• Operational Efficiency: Provides data essential for optimizing stockpile storage, handling, and reclaiming strategies by understanding in-situ bulk density variations.
• Regulatory Compliance: Supplies standardized methods recognized by authorities and regulatory bodies for safety, environmental management, and reporting.
• Quality Control: Offers reliable methodologies for correlating laboratory analysis data with field bulk density measurements, enhancing coal quality management.
• Environmental and Safety Assurance: Enforces strict procedures for managing radioactive materials and ensuring safe work practices during field measurements.

Related Standards

For comprehensive coal inventory and analysis, ASTM D6347/D6347M references several key standards:

• ASTM D6172: Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by Direct Operator Compilation Using Photogrammetric Procedures – commonly used alongside D6347/D6347M to combine density and volume data for precise stockpile mass calculation.
• ASTM D1586: Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils – referenced for certain sampling techniques.
• NIST Handbook 44: Specifications and tolerances for weighing and measuring devices, relevant for field calibration equipment.
• ASME Pipe Codes: Relevant for construction of sampling access tubes.
• Title 10 & 49, Code of Federal Regulations: Regulates the use, transport, and safety of radioactive materials in field equipment.

By adhering to ASTM D6347/D6347M-05(2018), industry professionals ensure accurate, repeatable, and regulatory-compliant determination of coal bulk density, thus optimizing inventory management and operational safety in coal stockpile environments.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6347/D6347M − 05 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Bulk Density of Coal Using Nuclear
Backscatter Depth Density Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6347/D6347M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Data obtained from the density of coal stockpiles is combined with volume determinations perTest
Method D6172 to complete the physical inventory of total tons. The book inventory is compared to
thephysicalinventoryfordeterminingtheaccumulationofmeasurementdifferencethathaveoccurred
since the last physical inventory.
Since the physical inventory is the reference value used to compare and adjust the book inventory,
it is important that the standard methods for conducting the density and volume measurements
introduce the least possible error. Close adherence to the details of the procedures described in this
standard is a prerequisite to the objective of this test method.
This standard test method for determination of bulk density of stockpiled coal is used for all ranks
of coal. Proper density determination involves an understanding of the physical characteristics of the
coal types and the stockpiling facilities.
1. Scope The equipment uses radioactive materials, which may be
hazardous to the health of users, unless proper precautions are
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the
taken.
bulk density of coal using instrumentation that measures the
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
relative backscatter of nuclear gamma radiation throughout the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
depth of the stockpile under test.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 This procedure is applicable to all ranks of coal.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
2. Referenced Documents
used independently of the other, and values from the two
2.1 ASTM Standards:
systems shall not be combined.
D1586TestMethodforStandardPenetrationTest(SPT)and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6172Test Method for Determining the Volume of Bulk
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Materials Using Contours or Cross Sections Created by
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
DirectOperatorCompilationUsingPhotogrammetricPro-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cedures
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.07 on Physical
Characteristics of Coal. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D6347/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D6347M–05(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D6347_D6347M-05R18. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
2.2 NIST Standard: densityusingacalibrationcurve.Themeanbulkdensityofthe
National Institute for Standards and Technology Handbook stockpile is estimated using the test count reading and calibra-
44, Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Re- tion data.
quirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices
4.2 The procedures appear in the following order:
2.3 ASME Standard:
Procedures Section
ASME Pipe Codes
Preparation of Sampling Plan 8
2.4 Code of Federal Regulations:
Standardization of Nuclear Depth Density Gauge 9
Title 10,Parts 19 and 20
Field standardization 9.1
Title 49 Stockpile Penetration and Access Procedures 10
Standardize the nuclear depth probe 10.1
Penetrate the stockpile 10.2
3. Terminology
Measure and record depth 10.3
Place access stabilization and sample collection device 10.4
3.1 Definitions of Terms:
Taking replicate test counts 10.5
3.1.1 access hole—used loosely in this standard to denote
Procedure A—split-barrel sampler/large auger procedure 10.6
Procedure B—small auger procedure 10.7
the opening made into the stockpile for insertion of the probe
Procedure C—hydraulic access procedure 10.8
access tube.
Field Calibration of Nuclear Depth Density Gauge 11
Influence of elemental composition on nuclear depth density probe 11.1
3.1.2 counting period—the period of time, set using the
Perform calibration procedures on-site 11.2
scaler time switch, during which the readout device accumu-
Minimum eight calibration vessels 11.3
lates pulses.
Weight and record empty calibration vessel weight 11.4
Compact coal in calibration vessel 11.5
3.1.3 penetration—inserting the probe access tube in a
Weigh and record compacted coal in calibration vessel 11.6
selected position for collecting test count readings. Penetrate compacted coal in calibration vessel 11.7
Minimum number of replicate test counts 11.8
3.1.4 reference standard count—a series of 30 consecutive
Conduct a uniform compaction check 11.9
standard counts, taken on the occasions specified in 9.1.5. Data for establishing calibration curve (Annex A3) 11.10
Develop calibration curve (Annex A3) 11.11
3.1.5 stability check standard count—a series of five con-
Separate calibration curve for each access method 11.12
secutive standard counts, taken on the occasions specified in Interpretation of Results 12
Report 13
9.1.6.
3.1.6 standard count—a test count taken with the probe
5. Significance and Use
positioned inside the shield and standard assembly.
5.1 The measured mean bulk density of a coal stockpile is
3.1.7 test counts—the recording of pulses accumulated by
used with a measurement of the stockpile volume per Test
the readout device during a counting period. The test count is
Method D6172. Procedures to determine the quantity of
initiated by pushing a start button located on the scaler, which
stockpiled coal. This measure of quantity is often used as a
resets the accumulator and starts a new counting period.
reference value for adjusting inventory records.
3.1.8 vertical interval—the vertical interval moved by the
test probe when repositioned from one vertical position to the
6. Apparatus
next test vertical position in the same access hole. For this test
6.1 Field-test location preparation equipment consisting of:
method, a vertical interval is equal to 30 in. [76 cm].
6.1.1 Drilling Rig—mobile equipment capable of boring,
3.1.9 vertical position—the position of the probe where a
driving, or hydraulically forcing, on its own power, access
test count reading is taken, measured from a reference eleva-
holes through the entire depth of the stockpile.
tion.
6.1.2 Access Tube—hollow tubing with an inside diameter
4. Summary of Test Method allowing clearance between 0.035 in. [0.90 mm] and 0.060 in.
[1.50 mm] for the nuclear depth probe to be positioned at
4.1 The area of the stockpile accessible for stockpile pen-
specified vertical intervals. The tubing shall be sufficiently
etration is first identified. An access (sampling) plan for the
durable to withstand the applied forces of insertion into the
accessible area is determined, and the depth of the stockpile is
access hole. The inside diameter of the access tube shall
accessed at locations within the area according to plan. The
provideasmoothpathwithanannularspaceandwallthickness
probe is used to obtain test count readings at vertical intervals
sufficient that there is no deformation of shape under normal
withineachaccesshole.Testcountreadingsofcompactedcoal
use. ASME Schedule 80 thickness PVC pipe is the most
in field calibration vessels are taken using coal from the
commonly used access tube material. Other materials may be
stockpile so as to convert stockpile test count readings to bulk
used, but their use may require a different tube wall thickness
or a different counting period, or both, to obtain an equivalent
test count.
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
6.1.3 Small Auger—a boring apparatus with connecting
Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
sections used to provide an access hole the entire depth of the
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
stockpile.Theoutsidediameteroftheaugerissizedtoproduce
www.asme.org.
an access hole with a diameter equal to the outside diameter of
Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington, DC 20402. the access tube. To obtain reliable test count readings, it is
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
essentialthattheaccesstubefitsnuglyintotheaccessholewith 6.2.3 Field Calibration Coal Retrieval Auger—an auger,
noemptyspacesatthejunctionbetweenthecoalandtheaccess withaminimumoutsidediameterof2.5timesoftopsizeofthe
tube. coal, used to collect calibration coal from the stockpile.
6.2.4 Field Compaction Hammer Assembly—an apparatus
6.1.4 Split-Barrel Sampler—a hollow device with a cutting
for compacting the coal uniformly in the calibration vessel to
edge, which, when driven into coal, can be extracted and leave
the required range of densities. Manual devices are not
an access hole. Drill rod extensions provide for sampling the
recommended for compaction.
entire depth of the stockpile.
6.2.5 Field Calibration Scale—a weighing device meeting
6.1.5 Hollow Stem Auger—an auger with a hollow central
National Institute for Standards andTechnology Handbook 44,
shaft having an inside diameter larger than the access tube.
Type II requirements. The weighing device shall have the
This auger is used in the split-barrel access technique to
capacityofweighingthecalibrationvesselemptyorfilledwith
continue the access hole through previously tested depths of
coal in a single weighment. The weighing device shall be
the stockpile.
certified accurate to 60.1% of applied load and calibrated
6.1.6 Nuclear Depth Density Probe—The device required
semiannually. Provide a certificate of calibration in accordance
for collecting the test count readings from the stockpile. It is
with 13.1.12.
equipped with the following components:
6.2.6 Access Stabilization/Sample Collection Device—a
6.1.7 Gamma Source—an encapsulated and sealed radioac-
sample collection pan with an opening placed over the top of
tive source that meets the specific form requirements of Title
the calibration vessel to restrict the lateral movement of the
49oftheCodeofFederalRegulations.ACesium137,nominal
access equipment.
8-milli-curie source is used.
6.1.8 Gamma Detector—a Geiger-Mueller tube housed in
7. Precautions
the probe is an unlimited life, metal wall gamma detector. A
preampliferisincludedtoamplifyandsendtheelectricalsignal 7.1 Operatorsoftheequipmentshallobtainalicenseforthe
to the readout device or scaler. use of the equipment from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
commission or state regulatory agencies, or both.The operator
6.1.9 Shield and Standard—an assembly, which protects the
takes proper precautions to ensure that the use of this equip-
probefrommechanicaldamage,providesthenecessaryshield-
ment complies with applicable sections of Title 10, Code of
ing of the radioactive source when not in use and provides a
Federal Regulations, Parts 19 and 20.
means to obtain repeatable reference and stability check
standard counts.
7.2 Backfill the access holes to lessen the risk of stockpile
6.1.10 Read-Out Device—a scaler with a resolution and
spontaneous combustion.
range to display counts over the density for which the
apparatus will be used. The scaler contains other electronic
8. Preparation of Sampling Plan
components and an electrical power supply. Units with a
8.1 Useexperiencedpersonnelfamiliarwithstockpilingand
maximum error of timing 60.005 and 60.002% stability.
reclaiming procedures used at the location. Determine the
6.1.11 Electrical Cable—toconnecttheprobetothereadout
surface area and the nominal depth of the stockpile to be
device. The cable shall be of sufficient length to allow test
sampled.Prepareadrawingthatclearlyidentifiesareasthatare
counts to be taken the entire depth of coal being tested.
not accessible for penetration or else not intended for access,
6.1.12 Transport Case—a sampling case used for storing
such as areas covering underground hoppers and reclaiming
and transporting the nuclear depth probe. The transport case
facilities, or heavily compacted haul roads.
shall be constructed and labeled to meet the U.S. Department
8.1.1 It is good practice to use laboratory analysis from
of Transportation requirements in Title 49 of the Code of
samples collected at each vertical test interval to identify
Federal Regulations.
foreign material from the base of the stockpile and to convert
bulk density to other than in-situ moisture basis.
6.2 Field Calibration Equipment:
8.1.2 Determine the number (n) of test counts required to
6.2.1 Field Calibration Vessel—a vessel with a minimum
represent the stockpile. For stockpiles with a prior history of
inside diameter of 23 in. [58 cm] and a minimum inside height
density testing, this data will prove helpful in making this
of 32 in. [81 cm]. The volume of the vessel is measured and
determination. If no prior history is available, it is recom-
certified semiannually using the temperature-corrected water
mended that a minimum of 100 test counts and a minimum of
method. A weighing device that has been certified as accurate
8 access holes be used to represent the stockpile.
by a metrology laboratory determines certification weights. A
certificate of calibration is provided in accordance with
NOTE 1—The minimum test counts designated for stockpiles with no
13.1.12.The vessel can be made of metal or polymer material,
history available are based on a standard deviation taken from a Z table.
providedthevesselretainsconstantvolumeduringcompaction Eight borings were designated to assure reasonable representation of the
stockpile.
and weighing. However, the coefficient of thermal expansion
for polymer material, which can be eleven times greater than
8.1.3 Using the accessible surface area and the nominal
for steel over the same temperature ranges, can result in
depth of the stockpile determine the number of access holes
calibration error.
required to provide the number (n) of test counts selected in
6.2.2 Field Calibration Access Tube—is identical to that 8.1.2, allowing one vertical interval per test count. Divide the
used to access the stockpile and specified in 6.1.2. accessible area into the same number of grid openings as the
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
number of access holes. The grid openings should represent as work. If the criterion in 9.1.7 is met with the repaired probe,
near equal volume as feasible. The openings need not be testing may continue and readings taken before repair may be
identical in shape. included in the density calculation for the stockpile.
8.1.4 Select one access hole site within each grid opening 9.2.2 If a new reference standard count is run to establish
and mark the site locations on the plot plan. For the selection stabilitycriterionin9.1.7fortherepairednucleardepthdensity
process, use a random location in each grid. probe, all readings taken before repair will not be used in the
density calculations for the stockpile.
8.1.5 For penetration and access of the stockpile, choose
one of the procedures described as Procedures A, B, and C in 9.2.3 If the nuclear depth density probe is replaced, all
readings taken before replacement will not be used in the
Section 10.
8.1.6 Treat areas not included in Section 8 such as heavily density calculations for the stockpile.
compacted haul roads, uncompacted slope areas, and large
10. Stockpile Penetration and Access Procedures
ready piles, separately.
10.1 Standardize the nuclear depth density depth probe in
9. Standardization of Nuclear Depth Density Gauge
accordance with Section 9.
9.1 Field Standardization—use these standardization proce-
10.2 Using the procedure selected in 8.1.5, penetrate the
dures to protect against instrument fault or drift and assure
stockpile at each access site defined on the plot plan.
consistent probe response.
10.3 Measure and record the depth of the access holes. If
9.1.1 Allow the electrical equipment to stabilize in accor-
data are available, compare original base elevations to base
dance with the manufacturer’s recommendation when acti-
elevations determined by access holes and record differences.
vated.
10.4 Place the access stabilization/sample collection device
9.1.2 Ensure that the probe remains in the “power on” or
over each access site before penetration.
“stand by” position while fieldwork is being conducted.
9.1.3 Use the same counting period for test counts through-
NOTE 2—It is good practice to use laboratory analysis of samples
out the bulk density test, including calibration procedures.
collectedateachverticaltestintervaltoidentifyforeignmaterialfromthe
base of the stockpile and thus assist in defining the useful base of the
9.1.4 Takeallstandardcountswiththeprobelocatedatleast
stockpile.
3 ft [90 cm] from other radioactive sources, large masses of
10.5 Stockpile Procedures A, B, and C require taking
metal, or materials other than coal, to assure that standard
counts are not affected by these influences. replicatetestcountsateachverticalposition.Tominimizedata
recording errors, compare the difference between the two test
9.1.5 Take a reference standard count at the beginning of
work at each stockpile test site. Calculate the mean y¯ and counts. If this difference exceeds preselected criteria (based on
rc
previous experience with the probe being used), repeat the
sample standard deviation S of the 30 test counts comprising
rc
the standard reference count. counts.
9.1.6 A stability check standard count is taken, (1)atthe
10.6 Procedure A—Split-Barrel Sampler/Large Auger Pro-
beginningofeachday’swork,(2)ateachstockpileaccesshole
cedure:
site immediately before taking test count readings from within
10.6.1 Select the first access site. Drive the split-barrel
the hole, and (3) at the beginning of each calibration vessel
sampler, following Test Method D1586, to the depth of one
immediately before taking test count readings within the
vertical interval in a manner that least disturbs the coal in the
vessel. Calculate the mean y¯ of the five stability standard test
sc
stockpile.
counts.
10.6.2 Remove the split-barrel sampler. Collect, package,
9.1.7 The probe is considered to be in stable condition and
and label the coal sample within the split-barrel sampler as the
ready for use if:
quality sample for this vertical interval.
10.6.3 Insert an access tube of the same outside diameter as
y¯ 2 y¯ ,1.3 (1)
? sc rc?
the split-barrel sampler into the access hole.
where:
10.6.4 Lower the nuclear depth density probe, one vertical
y¯ = the mean of five stability standard test counts,
sc
interval, into the access tube. Record replicate test count
y¯ = the mean of 30 reference standard reference counts,
rc
readings for this vertical interval.
and
10.6.5 Remove the nuclear depth density probe and the
S = the sample standard deviation of the 30 standard test
rc
access tube.
counts taken in the standard reference count.
10.6.6 Drill to the top the next vertical interval using a
9.2 When the comparison does not meet the criterion in hollow stem auger. The auger has an outside diameter of at
9.1.7, take another stability check standard count. If the results
least five 5 in. [127 mm] and an inside diameter large enough
of the second run meet the criterion, the probe is considered to to allow insertion of the access tube.
be in stable condition and ready for use. If the second stability
10.6.7 Penetrate to the base material except where liners
check standard count does not meet the criterion of 9.1.7, separate base material from the stockpile.
repair or replace the nuclear depth density probe.
10.6.8 Repeat 10.6.2 – 10.6.6 until reaching the base of the
9.2.1 If the nuclear depth density probe is repaired, recon- stockpile.
duct the stability check standard count using the reference 10.6.9 Penetrate the depth of the stockpile with the hollow
standard count taken at the beginning of the stockpile site stem auger in the same location where the split-barrel sampler
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
has been driven for the tests. Collect sufficient auger cuttings access tube and the walls of the access hole can affect the
for use as calibration coal (seal to prevent moisture loss and nuclear depth density probe response and, consequently, a
label for location and depth). Repeat at each access hole, different response may result from fine coal than from coarser
collecting in total sufficient coal for a minimum of eight coal. There is insufficient data to quantify these factors to
calibration vessels.
enable a mathematical correction of the nuclear depth density
10.6.10 RepeattheprocedurefromSteps10.6.1–10.6.8for probe response based on independent measures of these
each access site.
factors. Therefore, it is necessary that field calibrations be
performed using coal from the stockpile being tested.
10.7 Procedure B—Small Auger Procedure:
10.7.1 Select the first access site. Using a small diameter
11.2 Perform calibration procedures on-site simulating ac-
auger, penetrate the entire depth of the stockpile in a manner
tual field test conditions using coal collected from stockpile
that least disturbs the coal. Collect, package, and label auger
access sites.
cuttings for each predetermined vertical interval. Penetration
11.3 A minimum of eight pairs of values shall be used
should reach the base material except where liners separate the
(compaction of eight separate calibration vessels) for field
base material from the stockpile.
calibration of the nuclear gauge. In planning compaction of
10.7.2 Insert an access tube with the same nominal outside
calibration vessels, cover as much of the range of test counts
diameterasthesmalldiameteraugerintotheaccessholetothe
determined in the stockpile as is feasible. The minimum
base of the stockpile.
coverage is the difference between the mean test counts of the
10.7.3 Lowerthenucleardepthdensityprobeintotheaccess
lowest and highest access holes tested in the stockpile. Dis-
tube and record replicate test count readings for each prede-
tribute the calibration vessel test counts uniformly within that
termined vertical interval.
range. The same coal sample shall not be used for more than
10.7.4 Remove the nuclear depth density probe and the
one calibration vessel.
access tube.
10.7.5 Penetrate the depth of the stockpile with an auger of
11.4 Weigh and record the weight of the empty calibration
minimum 5-in. (127-mm) outside diameter in the same loca-
vessels before beginning each calibration vessel compaction.
tionofthepenetrationofthesmalldiameteraugerforthetests.
An example calibration vessel log is shown in Annex A4.
Collectsufficientaugercuttingsforuseascalibrationcoal(seal
11.5 Compact the coal in the calibration vessel by placing a
to prevent moisture loss and label for location and depth).
uniform layer (lift) of coal in the vessel and striking the layer
Repeat at each access hole, collecting sufficient coal for a
a number of times using the field compaction hammer and
minimum of eight calibration vessels.
compaction plate. Repeat the procedure, compacting succes-
10.7.6 Repeat the procedure in 10.7.1 – 10.7.5 for each
sive lifts equally until the coal overflows the vessel. Level the
access site.
coal to the top of the vessel by carefully striking off the
10.8 Procedure C—Hydraulic Access Procedure:
overflowing coal. Calibration vessels with different densities
10.8.1 Select the first access site. Use hydraulic force to
are achieved by changing the thickness of the lift and the
insert the access tube the entire depth of the stockpile (or until
number of times each lift is struck.
refusal)inamannerthatleastdisturbsthecoalinthestockpile.
Penetration should reach the base material except where liners
11.6 Weigh and record the compacted coal and the calibra-
separate the base material from the stockpile.
tion vessel. An example calibration vessel log is shown in
10.8.2 Lowerthenucleardepthdensityprobeintotheaccess
Annex A4.
tube and record replicate test count readings for each prede-
11.7 Penetrate the depth of the compacted coal within the
termined vertical interval.
calibration vessel. Use the same procedure that was used to
10.8.3 Remove the nuclear depth density probe and the
penetratethedepthofthestockpile.Useaccesstubingidentical
access tube.
to that used for the stockpile. Place the access stabilization
10.8.4 Penetrate the stockpile at the same depth as the
device on the compacted coal in the calibration vessel before
access tube is inserted. Use an auger with a minimum 5-in.
penetration.
[127-mm] outside diameter. Collect sufficient auger cuttings
for use as calibration coal (seal to prevent moisture loss and
11.8 Take and record a minimum of 15 replicate test counts
label for location and depth). Repeat at each access hole
(30 total), with the spatial positions of the replicate counts
collecting sufficient coal for a minimum of eight calibration
distributed uniformly by moving the probe in 1-in. [25.4-mm]
vessels.
vertical intervals. An example calibration vessel log is shown
10.8.5 Repeat the procedure from steps 10.8.1 – 10.8.3 for
in Annex A4.
each access site.
11.9 Conduct a uniform compaction check using the proce-
dures given in AnnexA2 to assure uniform compaction within
11. Field Calibration of Nuclear Depth Density Gauge
the vessel.
11.1 The count rate of the nuclear depth density probe is
influenced by the elemental composition of the material. A 11.10 The data values, which are used for each compaction
probe measurement of two materials of the same bulk density vessel in establishing the calibration curve, are the mean of the
but with different elemental analysis will yield different count 15 replicate test counts (the probe response) and the compac-
rates.The nature of the disturbed surface interface between the tion vessel density. The compaction vessel density is derived
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
from the volume and the net weight of the coal in the vessel coordinatesoftheaccesslocations,ifavailable.Submittheplot
(the bulk density). See the example calibration vessel log in plan required in Section 8 as a minimum requirement.
Annex A4. 13.1.6 All raw data and results of statistical calculations.
Organize data logically by the test location and elevation.
11.11 Develop a calibration curve using the mathematical
Report nuclear depth density probe calibration data for each
process given in Annex A4.
calibration point and vertical position within each test vessel.
11.12 Develop a separate calibration curve for each access
Record the quantity of water added in the calibration
method used in the coal stockpile.
procedure, if any.
13.1.7 Aclear description of the calculations and results of
12. Interpretation of Results
theuniformcompactiontestsrequiredin11.9anddevelopedin
12.1 AnnexA1, AnnexA2, and AnnexA4 give an example
accordance with Annex A2.
of a typical coal pile bulk density survey. AnnexA1 shows the
13.1.8 A summary chart showing the results of the linear
calculations for determining the pile test count grand average.
calibration procedures and a graph of the calibration curve
Annex A2 shows a calibration vessel uniform compaction
requiredin11.10anddevelopedinaccordancewithAnnexA4.
check,AnnexA3showsanalternatecalibrationvesseluniform
13.1.9 A summary chart showing the results of the collec-
compaction check, Annex A4 shows the computations for the
tion of stockpile test count data and a graph of test count
calibration curve, and Annex A5 shows the Jackknife method
distribution within the stockpile specified in Section 8 and
to determine the precision at two standard deviations of the
developed in accordance with Annex A1.
mean density estimate; the confidence interval at 95% of the
13.1.10 The results of investigation of any aberrant results
mean density estimate in pounds per cubic foot (pcf) and in
and the disposition thereof.
percent of the mean density.
13.1.11 Verify adherence to all ASTM methods or autho-
rized exceptions, or both. Include a description of all relevant
13. Report
formulas of statistical methods applied for authorized excep-
tions.
13.1 Prepare a report for each stockpile promptly after
13.1.12 Certificates of calibration for the calibration vessel
completion of field work and include the following informa-
and scale.
tion:
13.1.13 Operators’ Nuclear Regulatory Commission (or
13.1.1 The owner, location of the stockpile, the party
equivalent) authorized license or technicians training certifica-
authorizing the work, identification of the contractors, and its
tion.
representative. Identify responsible field personnel, personnel
13.1.14 Confirmation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission
preparing the report, and subcontractors.
authorization or reciprocity compliance between jurisdictions
13.1.2 The dates of performance of all major work func-
to operate nuclear apparatus within a state.
tions.
13.1.3 A statement of the mean bulk density estimate, the
14. Precision and Bias
precision at two standard deviations of that estimate, and the
14.1 The method for determining the precision of the
confidencelimitsatthe95%confidencelevelapplicabletothe
density survey results is defined in Annex A5 and included in
volume of the stockpile covered by the density survey.
the report (see 13.1.3).
13.1.4 List alternative and optional procedures covered by
thisstandardwhenused.Alsolistallexceptionstothestandard
14.2 Thereisnoacceptedreferencemethodfordetermining
procedure including authorization. Include all relevant proce-
the bulk density of coal in stockpile, thus bias has not been
dures and formulas of statistical methods applied for autho-
determined.
rized exceptions.
15. Keywords
13.1.5 A test site location plan developed from a contour
map of the stockpile including the vertical and horizontal
15.1 bulk density; coal; nuclear backscatter; stockpile
D6347/D6347M − 05 (2018)
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. ESTIMATING AVERAGE STOCKPILE TEST COUNT
A1.1 Assignment of Data to Strata: A1.1.4 Identify in the column heading the elevation repre-
sented by each stratum.
A1.1.1 Prepare a table for each access hole as shown in
TableA1.1 and TableA1.2. Beginning with the lowest vertical
A1.1.5 Enter the number n, of average replicate test count
j
interval, record the replicate test counts and the average of
readings, that is, vertical intervals in each column (stratum).
those test counts in serial order for each interval.
A1.1.6 Determine and record the grand average test count
A1.1.2 Determine the total number (n) of replicate test
given by
counts, the s
...