ASTM D3987-85(2004)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for leaching of solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine the materials leached under the specified testing conditions.
1.2 This test method provides for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of specified composition and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D3987–85 (Reapproved 2004)
Standard Test Method for
Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for leaching of 4.1 This test method is intended as a rapid means for
solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to obtaining an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to
determine the materials leached under the specified testing estimate the release of certain constituents of the solid waste
conditions. under the laboratory conditions described in this procedure.
1.2 This test method provides for the shaking of a known 4.2 This test method is not intended to provide an extract
weight of waste with water of specified composition and the that is representative of the actual leachate produced from a
separation of the aqueous phase for analysis. solid waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the sole basis of engineering design.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.3 This test method is not intended to simulate site-specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- actual disposal site leaching conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.4 The intent of this test method is that the final pH of the
extract reflect the interaction of the extractant with the buffer-
2. Referenced Documents
ing capacity of the solid waste.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 4.5 Theintentofthistestmethodisthatthewaterextraction
C 471 Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Gypsum and
simulate conditions where the solid waste is the dominant
Gypsum Products factor in determining the pH of the extract.
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
4.6 The test method produces an extract that is amenable to
D 420 Practice for Investigating and Sampling Soil and the determination of both major and minor constituents. When
Rock for Engineering Purposes
minor constituents are being determined, it is especially
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
important that precautions are taken in sample storage and
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.
D 2216 TestMethodforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock applicability to certain inorganic components in the solid
D 2234 Test Methods for Collection of a Gross Sample of
waste. The test method has not been tested for applicability to
Coal organic substances and volatile matter (see 5.3).
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, and liquid-to-solid ratio
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
types of solid wastes. (See Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in
Appendix X1.)
3. Terminology Definitions
5. Apparatus
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see
Terminology D 1129. 5.1 Agitation Equipment, of any type that rotates about a
central axis at a rate of 29 r/min, Fig. 1. (See discussion of
agitation in Appendix X1.)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
5.2 Membrane Filter Assembly—A borosilicate glass or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
stainless steel funnel with a flat, fritted base of the same
Leaching Techniques.
Current edition approved Oct. 21, 1985. Published March 1986. Originally material and membrane filters.
published as D 3987 – 81. Last previous edition D 3987 – 81.
5.3 Containers, round, wide-mouth, of a composition suit-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
able to the nature of the solid waste and the analyses to be
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
performed, and constructed of materials that will not allow
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3987–85 (2004)
FIG. 1 Extractor
sorption of constituents of interest. One-gallon (or 4-L) con- all reagents shall conform to the specifications of theAmerican
tainers should be used with 140-g samples and ⁄2-gallon (or
Chemical Society, where such specifications are available,
2-L) containers with 70-g samples. Multiples of these sizes Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that
maybeusedforlargersamples.Thecontainersshouldbeofthe
the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
same approximate geometry as the 2-L and 4-L bottles. These
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
sizes were selected to establish suitable geometry and provide
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
that the sample plus liquid would occupy approximately 80 to
to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent water at
90 % of the container. Containers must have a watertight
18 to 27°C (Specification D 1193). The method by which the
closure. Containers for samples where gases may be released
Type IV water is prepared, that is, distillation, ion exchange,
should be provided with a venting mechanism. (Note that the
reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, should remain constant
venting of the container has the potential to affect the concen-
throughout testing.
tration of volatile extracts in the extract.) Containers should be
cleaned in a manner consistent with the analyses to be
performed.
“Reagent Chemicals,American Chemical Society Specifications,”Am. Chemi-
cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
6. Reagents
theAmerican Chemical Society, see “Reagent Chemicals and Standards,” by Joseph
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
Rosin. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the “United States
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that Pharmacopeia.”
D3987–85 (2004)
7. Sampling 8.2 For field-cored solid wastes or castings produced in the
laboratory, cut a representative section weighing approxi-
7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the solid waste to be
mately 70 or 140 g for testing, plus samples for determination
tested usingASTM sample methods developed for the specific
of solids content. Shape the sample so that the leaching
industry where available. (See Practices D 75 and D 420 and
solution will cover the material to be leached.
Test Methods D 2234.)
8.3 For fluid solid wastes, mix thoroughly in a manner that
7.2 Where no specific methods are available, sampling
does not incorporate air to assure uniformity before withdraw-
methodology for materials of similar physical form shall be
ing a 70 or 140 g sample for test. Take samples for determi-
used.
nation of solids content at the same time as the test samples.
7.3 A minimum sample of 5000 g shall be sent to the
laboratory (see Practice E 122).
9. Procedure
7.4 It is important that the sample of the solid waste be
9.1 Record the physical description of the sample to be
representative with respect to surface area, as variations in
tested including particle size so far as it is known.
surface area would directly affect the leaching characteristics
9.2 Solids Content—Determine the solids content of sepa-
of the sample. Solid waste samples should contain a represen-
rate portions of the sample as follows:
tative distribution of particles sizes.
9.2.1 Dry to constant weight two dishes or pans of size
7.5 Keep samples in closed containers appropriate to the
suitable to the solid waste being tested at 104 6 2°C. Cool in
sample type prior to the extraction in order to prevent sample
a desiccator and weigh. Record the value to 6 0.1 g.
contamination or constituent loss.Where it is desired to extract
9.2.2 Put an appropriately sized portion of sample of the
biologically or chemically active samples in their existing
solid waste to be tested into each pan. Scale the weight used to
state, store the samples at 4°C (Practices D 3370) and start the
the physical form of the solid waste tested. Use a minimum of
extraction within 8 h. Where it is desired to extract such
50 g but use larger samples where particles larger than 10
...
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