ASTM D3987-85(1999)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
Standard Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for leaching of solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine the materials leached under the specified testing conditions.
1.2 This test method provides for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of specified composition and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D 3987 – 85 (Reapproved 1999)
Standard Test Method for
Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for leaching of 4.1 This test method is intended as a rapid means for
solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to obtaining an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to
determine the materials leached under the specified testing estimate the release of certain constituents of the solid waste
conditions. under the laboratory conditions described in this procedure.
1.2 This test method provides for the shaking of a known 4.2 This test method is not intended to provide an extract
weight of waste with water of specified composition and the that is representative of the actual leachate produced from a
separation of the aqueous phase for analysis. solid waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the sole basis of engineering design.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.3 This test method is not intended to simulate site-specific
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- actual disposal site leaching conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.4 The intent of this test method is that the final pH of the
extract reflect the interaction of the extractant with the buffer-
2. Referenced Documents
ing capacity of the solid waste.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.5 The intent of this test method is that the water extraction
C 471 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and simulate conditions where the solid waste is the dominant
Gypsum Products factor in determining the pH of the extract.
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
4.6 The test method produces an extract that is amenable to
D 420 Practice for Investigating and Sampling Soil and the determination of both major and minor constituents. When
Rock for Engineering Purposes
minor constituents are being determined, it is especially
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water important that precautions are taken in sample storage and
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.
D 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water 4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock
applicability to certain inorganic components in the solid
D 2234 Test Methods for Collection of a Gross Sample of waste. The test method has not been tested for applicability to
Coal
organic substances and volatile matter (see 5.3).
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water 4.8 The agitation technique, rate, and liquid-to-solid ratio
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process types of solid wastes. (See Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in
Appendix X1.)
3. Terminology Definitions
5. Apparatus
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, see
Terminology D 1129.
5.1 Agitation Equipment, of any type that rotates about a
central axis at a rate of 29 r/min, Fig. 1. (See discussion of
agitation in Appendix X1.)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
5.2 Membrane Filter Assembly—A borosilicate glass or
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
Leaching Techniques. stainless steel funnel with a flat, fritted base of the same
Current edition approved Oct. 21, 1985. Published March 1986. Originally
material and membrane filters.
published as D 3987 – 81. Last previous edition D 3987 – 81.
5.3 Containers, round, wide-mouth, of a composition suit-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
able to the nature of the solid waste and the analyses to be
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
performed, and constructed of materials that will not allow
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
sorption of constituents of interest. One-gallon (or 4-L) con-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05.
7 tainers should be used with 140-g samples and ⁄2-gallon (or
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3987
FIG. 1 Extractor
2-L) containers with 70-g samples. Multiples of these sizes all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the American
may be used for larger samples. The containers should be of the
Chemical Society, where such specifications are available,
same approximate geometry as the 2-L and 4-L bottles. These
Other grades may be used, provided it is first ascertained that
sizes were selected to establish suitable geometry and provide
the reagent is of sufficiently high purity to permit its use
that the sample plus liquid would occupy approximately 80 to
without lessening the accuracy of the determination.
90 % of the container. Containers must have a watertight
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
closure. Containers for samples where gases may be released
to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent water at
should be provided with a venting mechanism. (Note that the
18 to 27°C (Specification D 1193). The method by which the
venting of the container has the potential to affect the concen-
tration of volatile extracts in the extract.) Containers should be
cleaned in a manner consistent with the analyses to be
performed.
“Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications,” Am. Chemi-
cal Soc., Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed by
6. Reagents
the American Chemical Society, see “Reagent Chemicals and Standards,” by Joseph
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
Rosin. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the “United States
used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that Pharmacopeia.”
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 3987
Type IV water is prepared, that is, distillation, ion exchange, recommended for each extraction. Additional samples should
reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, should remain constant be provided for determination of solids content. If smaller
throughout testing. samples are used in the test, report this fact.
8.2 For field-cored solid wastes or castings produced in the
7. Sampling
laboratory, cut a representative section weighing approxi-
7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the solid waste to be
mately 70 or 140 g for testing, plus samples for determination
tested using ASTM sample methods developed for the specific
of solids content. Shape the sample so that the leaching
industry where available. (See Practices D 75 and D 420 and
solution will cover the material to be leached.
Test Methods D 2234.)
8.3 For fluid solid wastes, mix thoroughly in a manner that
7.2 Where no specific methods are available, sampling
does not incorporate air to assure uniformity before withdraw-
methodology for materials of similar physical form shall be
ing a 70 or 140 g sample for test. Take samples for determi-
used.
nation of solids content at the same time as the test samples.
7.3 A minimum sample of 5000 g shall be sent to the
9. Procedure
laboratory (see Practice E 122).
9.1 Record the physical description of the sample to be
7.4 It is important that the sample of the solid waste be
tested including particle size so far as it is known.
representative with respect to surface area, as variations in
9.2 Solids Content—Determine the solids content of sepa-
surface area would directly affect the leaching characteristics
rate portions of the sample as follows:
of the sample. Solid waste samples should contain a represen-
9.2.1 Dry to constant weight two dishes or pans of size
tative distribution of particles sizes.
suitable to the solid waste being tested at 104 6 2°C. Cool in
7.5 Keep samples in closed containers appropriate to the
a desiccator and weigh. Record the value to 6 0.1 g.
sample type prior to the extraction in order to prevent sample
9.2.2 Put an appropriately sized portion of sample of the
contamination or constituent loss. Where it is desired to extract
solid waste to be tested into each pan. Scale the weight used to
biologically or chemically active samples in their existing
state, store the samples at 4°C (Practices D 3370) and start the the physical form
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