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ASTM D2616-96

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale

Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a painted gray scale and the procedure to be used in the visual evaluation of color differences of non-self luminous materials by comparison to this scale.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1995
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.11 - Visual Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2616-96(2003) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale (Withdrawn 2012)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D279-02(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Pigments
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D6695-16 - Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D4585/D4585M-18 - Standard Practice for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings Using Controlled Condensation
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D822/D822M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM E3040-22 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Instrumental Color Difference with a Gray Scale
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM E1808-96(2021) - Standard Guide for Designing and Conducting Visual Experiments
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D5031/D5031M-13(2018) - Standard Practice for Enclosed Carbon-Arc Exposure Tests of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D1014-18 - Standard Practice for Conducting Exterior Exposure Tests of Paints and Coatings on Metal Substrates
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM E1499-16(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection, Evaluation, and Training of Observers
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D5382-02(2017) - Standard Guide to Evaluation of Optical Properties of Powder Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM D4086-18 - Standard Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996
Referred By
ASTM F2157-09(2018) - Standard Specification for Synthetic Surfaced Running Tracks
Effective Date
01-Jan-1996

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ASTM D2616-96 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray ScaleASTM D2616-96 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
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ASTM D2616-96 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a Gray Scale
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D2616–96
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of Visual Color Difference With a
Gray Scale
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2616; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method was developed to provide a precise procedure for visually evaluating color
difference of non-self luminous specimens. It was patterned after a method standardized by the
American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC) designed to evaluate “change in
color” and this antecedent was reflected in the original title.
This test method provides for evaluation of small to moderate color differences (less than 15
CIELAB (International Commission on Illumination) color difference units) by comparing test
specimens to a series of paired gray color chips having progressively larger lightness differences.
Color difference is rated according to which of nine gray pairs of differences is visually closest to the
test pair, or by interpolation between gray-pair differences.
The gray-scale pairs are specified in terms of decimal differences in CIELAB color space. This
change together with two continuous, decimal numerical scale equations modeling the original scale
comprisethemajordifferencesbetweenthepreviouseditionandthisrevision.Thechangesweremade
to provide an ASTM test method that parallels closely the AATCC method.
1. Scope 2.2 AATCC Procedures:
AATCC Evaluation Procedure 1, Gray Scale for Color
1.1 This test method describes a painted gray scale and the
Change
procedure to be used in the visual evaluation of color differ-
ences of non-self luminous materials by comparison to this
3. Terminology
scale.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 DefinitionsofappearancetermsinTerminologyE284
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
are applicable to this test method.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The gray scale consists of nine pairs of neutral gray
color standards of which Reference Pair 5 is two examples of
2. Referenced Documents
thesamegray.Oneelementcommontoeachpairisthegrayof
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3 Reference Pair 5; the other element, being progressively
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
lighter, provides a succession of lightness differences. Total
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color Differences
3 color differences between non-self luminous specimens are
of Opaque Materials
expressed as either fractional, linear scale value between 1 and
E 1499 Guide to Selection, Evaluation and Training of
3 5 or as equivalent CIELAB color differences (DE* )by
ab
Observers
comparisonwiththepaireddifferencesofthegrayscale,which
are predominantly lightness differences.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on
NOTE 1—The gray specimen common to each pair is specified to have
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.11 on Visual
CIE 1976 metric lightness, L* 541.2(+0.6,−0.0).
Methods.
Current edition approved March 10, 1996. Published May 1996. Originally
5. Significance and Use
published as D2616–67. Last previous edition D2616–94.
Technical Manual of the American Association of Textile Chemists and
5.1 The total perceived color difference between two non-
Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Vol 68, 1993, pp.
selfluminousspecimensiscomparedasanequivalentlightness
348–349.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. differencebetweentwoneutralgrayspecimensonagrayscale.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D2616
A fundamental assumption is made that the total color differ- 6.2 Gray Masks—Light gray masks with rectangular open-
ence can be so evaluated in terms of an equivalent lightness ings shall be used to ensure comparison of equal areas of
difference.Onlythetotalcolordifferences,thatis,asummation specimen and reference pairs. Masks are included with each
of the differences in hue, lightness, and chroma between two AATCC gray-scale chart.
specimensisevaluated;thistestmethodisnotapplicabletothe 6.3 Color Matching Light Booth—SeePracticeD1729fora
separate precise evaluation of the hue, lightness, and chroma description of an appropriate color-matching light booth for
components of color difference. use in visual evaluation of color differences.
7. Preparation of Specimens
TABLE 1 Gray Scale Characteristics
7.1 Specimens shall be uniform in color and gloss and shall
CIELAB (DE*)
AATCC Step
be free of scratches and other imperfections of surface texture.
Designations
Color Difference Tolerance(6)
The specimen being compared to the standard should have the
5.0 0.0 0.2
same gloss and surface texture as the standard for maximum
4.5 0.8 0.2
precision of color differences determination.
4.0 1.7 0.3
3.5 2.5 0.3
8. Procedure
3.0 3.4 0.4
2.5 4.8 0.5
8.1 Illumination and Viewing:
2.0 6.8 0.6
8.1.1 Placethespecimensandthepairedgray-scalechartsin
1.5 9.6 0.7
1.0 13.6 1.0
the same plane on a horizontal surface with a neutral back-
ground (middle gray to white) under the prescribed light
source. The light source shall be daylight or a daylight
5.2 Thetotalcolordifferencedeterminedbythistestmethod
simulator,forexampleacolor-matchinglightbooth.Makesure
depends on the degree of uniformity of the specimens and on
that the specimen pairs whose color differences are to be
the sharpness of the dividing line between them. The color
evaluatedarejuxtaposedasarethereferencepairs,sothatthere
difference between specimens having rough or mottled sur-
is no space between the elements of a pair. It is also desirable
faces appears smaller than it would if the specimens had
to locate the specimen pairs immediately adjacent to the
smooth an
...

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Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry

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5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
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ASTM D2244-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

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5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
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ASTM
ASTM E1682-08(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Modeling the Colorimetric Properties of a CRT-Type Visual Display Unit

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The color displayed on a VDU is an important aspect of the reproduction of colored images. The VDU is often used as the design, edit, and approval medium. Images are placed into the computer by some sort of capture device, such as a camera or scanner, modified by the computer operator, and sent on to a printer or color separation generator, or even to a paint dispenser or textile dyer. The color of the final product is to have some well-defined relationship to the original. The most common medium for establishing the relationship between input, edit, and output color (device-independent color space) is the CIE tristimulus space. This guide identifies the procedures for deriving a model that relates the digital computer settings of a VDU to the CIE tristimulus values of the colored light emitted by the primaries.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in establishing the operating characteristics of a visual display unit (VDU), such as a cathode ray tube (CRT). Those characteristics define the relationship between the digital information supplied by a computer, which defines an image, and the resulting spectral radiant exitance and CIE tristimulus values. The mathematical description of this relationship can be used to provide a nearby device-independent model for the accurate display of color and colored images on the VDU. The CIE tristimulus values referred to here are those calculated from the CIE 1931 2° standard colorimetric (photopic) observer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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