iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C865-13

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens

Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any particular field applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2013
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.09 - Monolithics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C865-02(2007) - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C704/C704M-15(2022)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C401-12(2022) - Standard Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C903-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Preparing Refractory Specimens by Cold Gunning
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1113/C1113M-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of Refractories by Hot Wire (Platinum Resistance Thermometer Technique)
Effective Date
01-Sep-2013

Buy Standard

ASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete SpecimensREDLINE ASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM C865-13 - Standard Practice for Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
English language
2 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C865 − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Apparatus
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from 4.1 Kiln, equipped with instruments capable of controlling
refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with the heating rate of the kiln at 100 to 700°F (55 to 380°C)/h (see
Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also 6.5) and holding the soak temperature to 610°F (5.5°C) of the
recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature nominal soak temperature. For temperatures up to 2500°F
test methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these (1370°C) an electrically heated kiln is preferred, but gas- or
methods are used to test refractory concretes. oil-fired kilns can be used for all temperatures, provided the
heating rates specified can be maintained, the flame of the
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
burners does not impinge directly on any specimen, and the
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
furnace atmosphere contains a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with
information only.
0 % combustibles.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Preparation of Samples
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Samples are prepared by casting in accordance with
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Methods C862. If the sample size of the cast specimen is the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
same as that specified for the test, it can be used directly.
However, cutting samples of the required size from larger cast
2. Referenced Documents
blocks will often be necessary (Note 1). In this case, it is
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
recommended that the samples be cut with a diamond saw.
C16 Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at
After cutting, the samples should be dried at 230°F (110°C) for
High Temperatures
a minimum of 18 h. All cut samples should have sharp edges
C583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory
and corners and should not show pull-out of grains on the cut
Materials at Elevated Temperatures
surfaces. For some low-strength castables, drying prior to
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens
cutting may be needed to increase their strength and resistance
by Casting
to pull-outs.
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
NOTE 1—Specimens cut from the interior of large cement bonded
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
castables shapes may be stronger than specimens cut from small cast
shapes because the interior of large cast shapes are exposed to high
3. Significance and Use
pressure steam during dryout which causes more complete hydration of
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions
the cement.
of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with
5.2 Some types of castables, especially those containing
Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize
aggregates of a relatively low hardness (such as lightweight
laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to dupli-
castables), may be cut on a dry saw. This procedure is
cate any particular field applications.
acceptable provided that specimens with sharp corners and
edges, which show no signs of grain pull-out at the cut
surfaces, are obtained.
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeC08onRefractories
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally 6. Procedure
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C865 – 02 (2007).
6.1 Label all specimens with ceramic ink or ceramic cray-
DOI: 10.1520/C0865-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or ons.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2 Place the specimens in the kiln so that each specimen
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. will rest on the surface formed by its longest and smallest
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C865 − 13
1
surface of the specimen does not exceed
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C865 − 02 (Reapproved 2007) C865 − 13
Standard Practice for
1
Firing Refractory Concrete Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C865; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the firing of specimens made from refractory concretes (castable refractories) in accordance with
Practice C862 for cast specimens. The procedure is also recommended for heating rates to be used for high-temperature test
methods such as Methods C16, C583, etc., when these methods are used to test refractory concretes.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C16 Test Method for Load Testing Refractory Shapes at High Temperatures
C20 Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory
Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C133 Test Methods for Cold Crushing Strength and Modulus of Rupture of Refractories
C210 Test Method for Reheat Change of Insulating Firebrick
C288 Test Method for Disintegration of Refractories in an Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide
C401 Classification of Alumina and Alumina-Silicate Castable Refractories
C546 Method of Load Testing Refractory Brick at High Temperatures, Long Time (Withdrawn 1984)
C583 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Refractory Materials at Elevated Temperatures
C704 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
C832 Test Method of Measuring Thermal Expansion and Creep of Refractories Under Load
C862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Specimens by Casting
E220E230 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison TechniquesSpecification and Temperature-
Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This practice is used to standardize the firing conditions of refractory concrete specimens prepared in accordance with
Practice C862. The standards are set down to minimize laboratory-to-laboratory variation and do not attempt to duplicate any
particular field applications.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Kiln, equipped with instruments capable of controlling the heating rate of the kiln at 100 to 700°F (55 to 380°C)/h (see 6.5)
and holding the soak temperature to 610°F (5.5°C) of the nominal soak temperature. For temperatures up to 2500°F (1370°C) an
electrically heated kiln is preferred, but gas- or oil-fired kilns can be used for all temperatures, provided the heating rates specified
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007Sept. 1, 2013. Published November 2007October 2013. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20022007
as C865 – 02.C865 – 02 (2007). DOI: 10.1520/C0865-02R07.10.1520/C0865-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C865 − 13
can be maintained, the flame of the burners does not impinge directly on any specimen, and the furnace atmosphere contains a
minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles.
1
4.2 Balances—For 9 by 4 ⁄2 by 2 or 3-in. (228 by 114 by 51 or 76-mm) samples, a balance with a capacity of 15 lb (6.8 kg)
and a sensitivity of 0.01 lb (4.5 g) is recommended; for smaller specimens (for example, 6 by 1 by 1-in. (152 by 25 by 25-mm)
bars), a 2-kg balance with a sensitivity of 0.1 g is reco
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C456-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydration Resistance of Basic Bricks and Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method compares relative resistance to hydration of basic refractory brick and shapes in laboratory tests.  
2.2 This test method allows an estimate to be made of the relative potential for hydration.  
2.3 The test method is used in industry and in some cases it is used for specification purposes.  
2.4 The results must be carefully used as a means of predicting whether or not basic brick or shapes will hydrate under actual conditions of storage or service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of the relative resistance of basic brick and shapes to hydration.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C492-92(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydration of Granular Dead-Burned Refractory Dolomite

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The hydration of dead-burned dolomite grains is an important aspect of both manufacturing and using such grains. Moisture from any source will cause the grains to partially disintegrate, eventually making the dead-burned dolomite unfit for use. This test method may prove useful for determining, in a relative manner, which grains are more resistant to hydration than others.  
3.2 Data from one laboratory might help in establishing internal limits for determining whether a particular batch of grain is suitable for refractory production. However, this test method takes great care to run, and is not recommended as a quality control test. Possibly, a specification might be developed between two parties if sufficient care in establishing the bias between the laboratories is carried out.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of hydration of a granular dead-burned refractory dolomite when exposed to moist air.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C830-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Apparent Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Refractory Shapes by Vacuum Pressure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Apparent porosity, water absorption, apparent specific gravity, and bulk density are primary properties of refractory shapes. These properties are widely used in the evaluation and comparison of product quality and as part of the criteria for selection and use of refractory products in a variety of industrial applications. These test methods are used for determining any or all of these properties and are particularly useful for testing hydratable products.  
3.2 These test methods are primary standard methods that are suitable for use in quality control, research and development, establishing criteria for and evaluating compliance with specifications, and providing data for design purposes.  
3.3 Fundamental assumptions inherent in these test methods are:  
3.3.1 The test specimens conform to the requirements for size, configuration, and original faces,  
3.3.2 The open pores of the test specimens are fully impregnated with liquid during the vacuum-pressure treatment, and  
3.3.3 The blotting of the saturated test specimens is performed as specified in a consistent and uniform manner to avoid withdrawing liquid from the pores.  
3.3.4 Deviation from any of these assumptions adversely affects the test results.  
3.4 In laboratory studies involving castable specimen, a bias was noted between formed 2 in. by 2 in. by 2 in. (50 mm by 50 mm by 50 mm) and specimens quartered from larger 9 in. by 4.5 in. by 2.5 in. (228 mm by 114 mm by 64 mm) cast specimens. Additionally, an error in the apparent porosity determination was found on castables whenever the specimens were heated to 1500 °F (816 °C) and then exposed to water as a saturation media. The error was attributed to reactivity of cement with water and subsequent re-hydration of cement phases. The higher the cement level of the castable, the greater the error noted. It was concluded that an error in porosity values could occur for refractory materials having a potential to form hydrated species with water. T...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the following properties of refractory shapes:  
1.1.1 Apparent porosity,  
1.1.2 Liquid absorption,  
1.1.3 Apparent specific gravity, and  
1.1.4 Bulk density.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to all refractory shapes except those that chemically react with both water and mineral spirits. When testing a material capable of hydration or other chemical reaction with water but which does not chemically react with mineral spirits, mineral spirits is substituted for water and appropriate corrections for the density differences are applied when making calculations.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The apparatus used in this standard is only available in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Methods C20 cover procedures for testing properties of refractories that are not attacked by water.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C134-95(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Refractory brick are used as modular units in furnace construction and should not deviate significantly from the intended configuration with respect to size, bulk density, flat surfaces, and right angles. These test methods are particularly suited for use under field conditions and provide a means to determine whether the brick meets the requirements considered necessary to assure a satisfactory refractory construction.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring size, dimensional measurement, bulk density, warpage, and squareness of rectangular dense refractory brick and rectangular insulating firebrick. More precise determination of bulk density of refractory brick can be made by Test Methods C20. Stack height is generally determined only for dense refractories.  
Note 1: Test Methods C830 and Test Method C914 are also used to determine bulk density of refractory brick, by different procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Size and Bulk Density  
4 through 7    
Warpage of Refractory Brick  
8 through 10    
Squareness of Refractory Brick  
11 through 14  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1223-19(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Testing of Glass Exudation from AZS Fusion-Cast Refractories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method was developed for use both by manufacturers as a process control tool for the production of AZS fusion-cast refractories, and by glass manufacturers in the selection of refractories and design of glass-melting furnaces.  
4.2 The results may be considered as representative of the potential for an AZS refractory (specifically, in the tested region) to contribute to glass defect formation during the furnace production operation.  
4.3 The procedures and results may be applied to other refractory types or applications (that is, reheat furnace skid rail brick) in which glass exudation is considered to be important.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for causing the exudation of a glassy phase to the surface of fusion-cast specimens by subjecting them to temperatures corresponding to glass furnace operating temperatures.  
1.2 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the exudate as the percent of volume increase of the specimen after cooling.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The balance required for this test method uses only SI units (Section 7).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C604-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-Comparison Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The true specific gravity of a material is the ratio of its true density, determined at a specific temperature, to the true density of water, determined at a specific temperature. Thus, the true specific gravity of a material is a primary property which is related to chemical and mineralogical composition.  
4.2 This test method is particularly useful for hydratable materials that are not suitable for test with Test Method C135.  
4.3 For refractory raw materials and products, the true specific gravity is a useful value for: classification, detecting differences in chemical composition between supposedly like samples, indicating mineralogical phases or phase changes, calculating total porosity when the bulk density is known, and for any other test method that requires this value for the calculation of results.  
4.4 This test method is a primary standard method which is suitable for use in specifications, quality control, and research and development. It can also serve as a referee test method in purchasing contracts or agreements.  
4.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are the following:  
4.5.1 The sample is representative of the material in general,  
4.5.2 The total sample has been reduced to the particle size specified,  
4.5.3 No contamination has been introduced during processing of the sample,  
4.5.4 The ignition of the sample has eliminated all free or combined water without inducing sintering or alteration,  
4.5.5 An inert gas (helium) has been used in the test, and  
4.5.6 The test method has been conducted in a meticulous manner.  
4.5.7 Deviation from any of these assumptions negates the usefulness of the results.  
4.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must be recognized that the specified sample particle size is significantly finer than specified for Test Method C135. Even this finer particle size for the sample does not preclude the presence of some closed pores, and the amount of residual close...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the true specific gravity of solid materials, and is particularly useful for materials that easily hydrate which are not suitable for test with Test Method C135. This test method may be used as an alternate for Test Methods C135, C128, and C188 for determining true specific gravity.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—In 7.3, the equivalent SI unit is expressed in parentheses.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C987-10(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vapor Attack on Refractories for Furnace Superstructures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating the resistance of refractories in glass-melting furnace superstructures to vapor attack. This test method may also be useful for evaluating refractories in other applications where vapor attack occurs.  
2.2 An electric-heated furnace is recommended. Water vapor and other atmospheric components in a gas- or fuel-fired furnace may participate in the chemical and physical reactions being studied. Results may differ, therefore, depending upon the nature and type of firing employed.  
2.3 The degree of correlation between this test method and service performance is not fully determinable. This is intended to be an accelerated test method that generates a substantial degree of reaction in a relatively short amount of time. This acceleration may be accomplished by changing the composition and/or concentration of the reactants, increasing temperatures, or by performing the test in an isothermal environment.  
2.4 Since the test method may not accurately simulate the service environment, observed results of this test method may not be representative of those found in service. It is imperative that the user understand and consider how the results of this test method may differ from those encountered in service. This is particularly likely if the reaction products, their nature, or their degree differ from those normally found in the actual service environment.  
2.5 It is incumbent upon the user to understand that this is an aggressive, accelerated test method and to be careful in interpreting the results. If, for example, the reaction species have never been found in a real-world furnace, then this test method should not necessarily be considered valid to evaluate the refractory in question.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for comparing the behavior of refractories in contact with vapors under conditions intended to simulate the environment within a glass-melting or other type of furnace when refractories are exposed to vapors from raw batch, molten glass, fuel, fuel contaminants, or other sources. This procedure is intended to accelerate service conditions for the purpose of determining in a relatively short time the interval resistance to fluxing, bloating, shrinkage, expansion, mineral conversion, disintegration, or other physical changes that may occur.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1407-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculating Areas, Volume, and Linear Change of Refractory Shapes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Fireclay steel-teeming nozzles and sleeves are classified by volume reheat change. Bloating of some refractories results in irregular reheat dimensions, which are difficult to measure. This practice determines the volume without depending upon physical linear measurements.  
3.2 Blast furnace checkers that have irregular cross-sections are classified by “creep properties.” This practice determines the average cross-sectional area.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the methods of calculating areas, volumes, and linear changes of irregularly shaped refractory specimens.  
1.2 The specimens must have a constant cross-sectional area over a length (L).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C467-14(2023)(Classification)
Standard Classification of Mullite Refractories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The mullite content of an alumina-silica refractory material has an important influence on volume stability, load-bearing properties, and its satisfactory use in refractory applications. This classification is considered useful for purchase specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C863-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Carbide Refractories at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.  
3.2 The test, which creates and measures the expansion, is suitable for guidance in product development and relative comparison in application work where oxidation potential is of concern. The variability of the test is such that it is not recommended for use as a referee test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off