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ASTM D1577-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below. OptionSectionsA-Fiber Bundle WeighingB-Single-Fiber WeighingC-Vibroscope, General C1-Uncrimped Fibers C2-Crimped Fibers Precision and Bias
Note 1 - For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D 1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D 1769, and D 2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D 1282, D 2130 and D 3510.
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber weighing and vibroscope.
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. The fiber moisture under these conditions is not necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the fibers.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This test method option covers the measurement of the average linear density of textile fibers by cutting and weighing.
1.6 This test method option covers the measurement of the linear density of single fibers. This option is not recommended for fibers shorter than 30 mm.
1.7 These test methods options cover procedures for measuring the linear density of single fibers using the vibroscope. These options are particularly applicable to staple fibers with linear density below 10 dtex (9 denier). Option C-1 is for uncrimped fibers and Option C-2 is for crimped fibers.
1.8 The following procedures are suitable for use on uncrimped fibers or on fibers from which the crimp is removed by the tension applied in the test. Choice of the appropriate procedure is determined by the arrangement of the components comprising the vibroscope apparatus.
1.9 Since the presence of crimp leads to falsely high linear density values, it must be removed by the use of sufficiently heavy tensioning weights. This requirement limits the type of vibroscope which may be used to a variable frequency unit with adequate range to allow for the measurement of the fundamental frequency of vibration of short lengths of fiber under the tension required. Note 2 - When tension normally applied by the equipment used in the procedure described in is adequate to remove crimp, this procedure may be used with lightly crimped fibers.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2006
ICS
59.060.01 - Textile fibres in general
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1577-01 - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4849-21 - Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7025-09(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3822/D3822M-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8171-18 - Standard Test Methods for Density Determination of Flax Fiber
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7508/D7508M-20 - Standard Specification for Polyolefin Chopped Strands for Use in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D3217/D3217M-20 - Standard Test Methods for Breaking Tenacity of Manufactured Textile Fibers in Loop or Knot Configurations
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1551-09(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization of Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7178-22 - Standard Practice for Determining the Number of Constrictions “<emph type="ital" >m</emph>” of Non-Woven Geotextiles
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM C1666/C1666M-08(2023) - Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D1577-07 - Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1577–07
Standard Test Methods for
1
Linear Density of Textile Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per 2.1 ASTM Standards:
unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
and sections are listed below. Length Specimens
D1282 Test Method for Resistance toAirflow as an Indica-
Option Sections
tion of Average Fiber Diameter of Wool Top, Card Sliver,
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing 7-15
and Scoured Wool
B—Single-Fiber Weighing 16-23
D1769 Method of Test for Linear Density of Cotton Fibers
C—Vibroscope, General 24-30
3
35 and 36
(Array Sample)
C1—Uncrimped Fibers 31 and 32
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
C2—Crimped Fibers 33 and 34
Precision and Bias 37 and 38 D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn
Number) by the Skein Method
NOTE 1—For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test
D2130 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
MethodD1059.Forcottonlineardensity,refertoTestMethodsD1769and
Animal Fibers by Microprojection
D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282,
D2130 and D3510.
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.2 The crimp, taper and cross-sectional shape of the fiber
D2480 Test Method for Maturity Index and Linear Density
may influence the linear density measured by single-fiber
3
of Cotton Fibers by the Causticaire Method
weighing and vibroscope.
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.3 These test methods measure the linear density of fibers
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
with moisture in equilibrium with the standard atmosphere for
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
testingtextiles.Thefibermoistureundertheseconditionsisnot
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
necessarily the same as the commercial moisture regain for the
D3510 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
fibers.
3
Animcal Fibers by Image Analyzer
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D5103 Test Method for Length and Length Distribution of
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
Manufactured Staple Fibers (Single-Fiber Test)
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the
4
TEX-PAC
specification.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.58, Yarns and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Fibers, refer to Terminology D4849.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Textiles and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and
Fibers. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007. Published January 2007. Originally Withdrawn.
4
1
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D1577 – 01. DOI: PC Programs on floppy disk are available through ASTM. For a 3 ⁄2 in disk
10.1520/D1577-07. request PCN: 12-429040-18.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1577–07
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: 4.7 AdditionalinformationspecifictoOptionCisinSection
effective fiber length, fundamental resonant frequency, linear 26.
density for fiber and yarn, tex.
5. Sampling
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
5.1 Lot Sampling—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
Terminology D123.
take at ra
...

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5.1 Test Method D3822 using test specimens having gauge lengths of 10 mm [0.4 in.] or greater is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were obtained on man-made fibers having a gauge length of 25 mm [1.0 in.] and 250 mm [10 in.]. Natural fibers or fibers having lesser or greater gauge lengths may provide different values and may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom.  (A) The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on infinite degrees of freedom  
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Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
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Standard Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Option A for bundle weighing of Test Method D1577 is used in the trade for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Option B for single-fiber weighing and Option C for the vibroscope may be used for acceptance testing (see Section 37); however, caution is advised when using Option B or Option C because between-laboratory precision information is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 4.1.1 may be advisable.  
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1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of mass per unit length (linear density) of textile fibers and filaments. Direct weighing and vibroscope procedures with modifications for crimped and uncrimped fibers are included. The options and sections are listed below.    
Option  
Sections  
A—Fiber Bundle Weighing  
7 – 15  
B—Single-Fiber Weighing  
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C—Vibroscope, General  
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35 and 36    
C1—Uncrimped Fibers  
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C2—Crimped Fibers  
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Precision and Bias  
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Note 1: For linear density of short lengths of yarn, refer to Test Method D1059. For cotton linear density, refer to Test Methods D1769 and D2480. For measurement of wool diameter, refer to Test Methods D1282, D2130, and D3510.  
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5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ball seam height of a baseball or softball is a measurement that can correlate to ball grip and aerodynamic properties.  
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1.3 This test method is for a ball that is intended for use in the game of baseball or softball.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (filament) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after removal of the crimp.  
Note 1: Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this test method was originally covered in Test Method D2101, that is discontinued.  
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchangeably throughout this test method.  
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers. Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.  
1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring the breaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibers and for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elongation, and breaking toughness.  
1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet single fibers are included. The test method is applicable to testing under a wide range of conditions.  
1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensile strength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensile properties determined may decrease, which may require the need to increase the number of test specimens. T...

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ASTM
ASTM D2402-07(2018)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Textile Fibers (Centrifuge Procedure)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for development and research. However, if the test is to be used for acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are advised.  
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using Test Method D2402 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statistical biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data with an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consideration for the known bias.  
5.2 The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:  
5.2.1 Differences in water retention between the various man-made and natural fibers,  
5.2.2 Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,  
5.2.3 Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to alkaline processing, and  
5.2.4 Persistence of water-repellent treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by centrifugal force (see 3.2).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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