ASTM E1971-19

Standard Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms of creating cleaner, safer, and healthier surroundings by extracting harmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3)). An improperly maintained indoor environment could give rise to biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matter and gases which can have serious health effects. These negative impacts may have adverse affects on worker productivity affecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through increased complaints, absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents, or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selection of cleaning products and processes, along with failure to follow label directions could result in injury or illness to cleaning personnel or building occupants. In addition, it may be detrimental to the physical structure and systems of the building, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and operators maintain the liability for the proper function of the building and its impacts on the occupants and cleaning personnel.  
4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the development and preservation of a building environment that is considered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the stress on the overall environment as a result of routine maintenance. The anticipated users of this guide include building managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers and distributors, union representatives, and building occupants who serve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance of the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinent questions regarding specific building environments in order that an appropriate stewardship strategy may be developed, for example:
4.1.1.1 How is the building used?
4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?
4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to be considered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?
4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?
4.1.1.5 Are there any special issu...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners and operators of commercial and institutional buildings in the stewardship of cleaning and housekeeping operations. The focus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activities and processes, to promote eco-efficiency and sustainability, and to avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaning personnel, the building structure itself, and the environment. Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead to greater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costs and greater productivity (of occupants and cleaning personnel).  
1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a stewardship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning processes, product selection, storage, usage, disposal, equipment, training of cleaning personnel and communication throughout the chain-of-commerce.  
1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation and maintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems which can have a major impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC system provides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants and the environment during or as a result of the cleaning process.  
1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained by either in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaning contractor.  
1.5 This guide is not intended for construction related activities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-up.  
1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide for cleaning personnel.  
1.7 This guide is not intended for use in residential buildings.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of ac...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Apr-2019
• ICS: 03.080.10 - Maintenance services. Facilities management
• ICS: 97.020 - Home economics in general
• Technical Committee: E60 - Sustainability
• Drafting Committee: E60.01 - Buildings and Construction

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1971-05(2011) - Standard Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM E2114-17 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2015
• Refers: ASTM E631-14 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Refers: ASTM E833-13b - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2013
• Refers: ASTM E833-13a - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 15-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM E833-13 - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2013
• Refers: ASTM E833-12 - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Refers: ASTM E833-09a - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2009
• Refers: ASTM E833-09 - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-May-2009
• Refers: ASTM E2114-08 - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Refers: ASTM E833-08 - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2008
• Refers: ASTM E2114-06a - Standard Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2006
• Refers: ASTM E833-06 - Standard Terminology of Building Economics
• Effective Date: 15-Sep-2006
• Refers: ASTM E631-06 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2006

Overview

ASTM E1971-19: Standard Guide for Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and Institutional Buildings provides guidelines for building owners and operators on responsibly managing cleaning and housekeeping operations in commercial and institutional facilities. Issued by ASTM International, this standard focuses on establishing environmentally sustainable and health-focused cleaning practices that benefit building occupants, cleaning personnel, and the surrounding environment. The guide helps develop stewardship plans that enhance indoor air quality, reduce negative health impacts, and contribute to eco-efficiency and sustainability.

Key Topics

• Stewardship Principles: Advocates for comprehensive management of cleaning tasks, product selection, and personnel training to ensure safety, health, and sustainability.
• Developing a Stewardship Plan: Recommends creating a written stewardship plan, including scheduled cleaning, response protocols, accident prevention, and maintenance strategies.
• Risk Assessment: Identifies potential health hazards from improper cleaning or product misuse and provides approaches to minimize risks to workers and occupants.
• Product and Process Selection: Guides users in selecting environmentally preferable cleaning products and equipment, considering life cycle impacts and workplace safety.
• Training and Communication: Stresses the need for ongoing training for cleaning staff, clear hazard communication, and involvement of all stakeholders in the cleaning process.
• HVAC and Indoor Air Quality: Considers HVAC operation to ensure adequate ventilation and minimize indoor air quality risks associated with cleaning.

Applications

ASTM E1971-19 is applicable to a wide range of commercial and institutional buildings, including offices, schools, healthcare facilities, and retail environments. It provides practical guidance for:

• Building Owners and Managers: Developing and implementing stewardship strategies to deliver safe, effective, and cost-efficient cleaning practices that protect both people and property.
• Cleaning Personnel and Contractors: Ensuring that cleaning is performed consistently and safely, reducing occupational risks, absenteeism, and complaints.
• Procurement Professionals: Assessing cleaning products and equipment for their health, safety, environmental attributes, and life cycle impacts.
• Occupant Engagement: Supporting proactive communication between cleaning teams and building occupants to address concerns and promote shared responsibility.
• Sustainability and Compliance: Facilitating compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) requirements and supporting green building initiatives.

The standard is not intended for residential use or as a procedural manual for cleaning staff but provides a foundational reference for developing comprehensive stewardship programs. Its use can lead to improved occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costs, and enhanced productivity.

Related Standards

• ASTM E631: Terminology of Building Constructions
• ASTM E833: Terminology of Building Economics
• ASTM E2114: Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
• ISO 14040: Environmental Management - Life Cycle Assessment - Principles and Framework

These related standards provide additional guidance on terminology, sustainability, life cycle assessment, and building economics, supporting the implementation of ASTM E1971-19 in commercial and institutional facilities.

---

Keywords: ASTM E1971-19, cleaning stewardship, commercial building cleaning, institutional cleaning guide, sustainable cleaning practices, indoor air quality, cleaning product selection, workplace health and safety, eco-efficiency, building maintenance standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1971 − 19
Standard Guide for
Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and
Institutional Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This guide is not intended for use in residential build-
ings.
1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners and
operators of commercial and institutional buildings in the 1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
stewardship of cleaning and housekeeping operations. The as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
focus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activities standard.
andprocesses,topromoteeco-efficiencyandsustainability,and
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information
to avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaning
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
personnel, the building structure itself, and the environment.
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead to
experienceandshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithprofessional
greater tenant/occupant satisfaction, reduced operational costs
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
andgreaterproductivity(ofoccupantsandcleaningpersonnel).
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a steward- sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
ship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
processes, product selection, storage, usage, disposal, document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
equipment, training of cleaning personnel and communication unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
throughout the chain-of-commerce. document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation and
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
maintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(HVAC) systems which can have a major impact on indoor air
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
quality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC system
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
provides adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
personnel, building occupants and the environment during or
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
as a result of the cleaning process.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained by
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
either in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaning
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
contractor.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.5 This guide is not intended for construction related
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
activities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-
up.
2. Referenced Documents
1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide for
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cleaning personnel.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc-
tion. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 15, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approvedin1998.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2011asE1971–05(2011).DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1971–19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1971 − 19
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor- 3.1.8 renewable resource, n—a resource that is grown,
mance of Buildings naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceeds
3 depletion of the usable supply of that resource.
2.2 ISO Standard:
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Arenewable resource can be exhausted
ISO 14040 Environmental management -- Life cycle assess-
if improperly managed. However, a renewable resource can
ment -- Principles and framework
last indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examples include:
trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.
3. Terminology
3.1.9 sustainability, n—the maintenance of ecosystem com-
3.1 Definitions:
ponents and functions for future generations.
3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Terminology E631.
3.2.1 chain-of-commerce—manufacturers and suppliers of
3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the
raw materials; manufacturers, marketers, and distributors of
performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Some
building cleaning products (and systems/equipment); building
of these terms are reprinted here for ease of use.
owners and managers; building cleaning contractors; and
3.1.3 life-cycle, n—(1) the length of time over which an
cleaning personnel.
investment is analyzed; and E833
(2) consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system,
3.2.2 commercial and institutional buildings—indoor or en-
from raw material acquisition or generation of natural re-
closed workspaces such as office buildings, educational
sources to the final disposal. ISO 14040
facilities, health care facilities, retail establishments, and other
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Refer to the distinction between LCA
similar facilities, but not including manufacturing and produc-
and LCC. through which vapors are released from materials.
tion facilities, warehouses, residences, and agricultural opera-
tions.
3.1.4 2 life-cycle assessment (LCA), n—a method of evalu-
atingaproductbyreviewingtheecologicalimpactoverthelife
3.2.3 eco-effıciency—the delivery of competitively priced
of the product.
goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality
3.1.4.1 Discussion—At each stage, the product and its
of life, while progressively reducing negative ecological im-
components are evaluated based upon materials and energy
pactsandnaturalresourceintensitythroughoutthelifecycle,to
consumed, and the pollution and waste produced. Life stages
a level at least in line with the Earth’s carrying capacity.
include extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication,
3.2.4 hazard—the potential health or physical effect(s) at-
transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/
tributable to a specific chemical, mixture, or physical agent.
recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCAas the compilation
3.2.5 safety data sheet (SDS)—a written or printed material
and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environ-
concerning a hazardous chemical which contains the informa-
mental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
tion set forth in the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard
3.1.5 life-cycle cost (LCC) method, n—a technique of eco- 4
(see paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200) (1).
nomic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costs
3.2.6 pollutant—any substance that directly or indirectly
of initial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-
creates an adverse human health or environmental effect when
tions (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of an
introduced into any environmental media.
investment decision (expressed in present or annual value
3.2.7 pollution prevention—the act of reducing or eliminat-
terms).
ing the use, release, or generation of a pollutant or potential
3.1.5.1 Discussion—LCC is distinct from LCAin that LCA
pollutant through source reduction, recycling, reuse,
is an environmental review methodology and LCC is an
reclamation, or modification of operating practices.
economic review methodology.
3.2.8 risk—the probability of deleterious health or environ-
3.1.6 non-renewable resource, n—a resource that exists in a
mental effects, (2).
fixed amount in various places in the earth’s crust and that
cannot be replenished on a human time scale.
3.2.9 stewardship—careful and responsible management,
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Non-renewable resources have the po-
especially with respect to avoiding negative environmental
tential for renewal only by geological, physical, and chemical
impacts and to promoting sustainability.
processes taking place over hundreds of millions of years.
3.2.10 worker participation—the involvement of cleaning
Non-renewable resources exist in various places in earth’s
personnel or their representatives, or both, in all aspects of the
crust. Examples include: iron ore, coal, and oil.
cleaning process; including product selection, evaluation and
3.1.7 perpetual resource, n—a resource that is virtually
appropriate work practices, training, and communication of
inexhaustible on a human time scale.
hazards, and “the process of work.”
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Examples include solar energy, tidal
energy, and wind energy.
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at the
end of this standard.
It should be noted that ASTM’s definition of Pollution Prevention is different
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO from some definitions used by the Environmental Protection Agency. See, for
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, example,58Fed.Reg.6478(Jan.29,1993,CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality),and
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. 58 Fed. Reg. 41,981 (Aug. 6, 1993, Executive Order).
E1971 − 19
4. Significance and Use This section includes task identification and performance
requirements, process and product selection, use, storage, and
4.1 Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms of
disposal.
creatingcleaner,safer,andhealthiersurroundingsbyextracting
4.2.3 An identification of the training and communications
harmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3)).
issues (see Section 8) that will encourage involvement with the
An improperly maintained indoor environment could give rise
entire chain-of-commerce in the cleaning process.These issues
to biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matter
are related to both procedural training and feedback opportu-
andgaseswhichcanhaveserioushealtheffects.Thesenegative
nities for cleaning personnel, as well as information sharing
impacts may have adverse affects on worker productivity
with building tenants to inform them of possible cleaning
affecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through in-
process impacts.
creased complaints, absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents,
or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selection
5. Stewardship Principles
ofcleaningproductsandprocesses,alongwithfailuretofollow
label directions could result in injury or illness to cleaning 5.1 Stewardship Principles—A building owner or operator
personnel or building occupants. In addition, it may be
should manage the cleaning process according to the following
detrimental to the physical structure and systems of the stewardship principles:
building, or to the environment. Moreover, owners and opera-
5.1.1 Take a comprehensive process approach to cleaning.
tors maintain the liability for the proper function of the This includes:
building and its impacts on the occupants and cleaning
5.1.1.1 Identifying the cleaning task and performance
personnel.
requirements,
4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the develop- 5.1.1.2 Defining or outlining steps of the cleaning
ment and preservation of a building environment that is procedure,
considered safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the
5.1.1.3 Selecting the correct products and equipment,
stress on the overall environment as a result of routine 5.1.1.4 Training cleaning personnel to use correct proce-
maintenance. The anticipated users of this guide include
dures and to understand the potential health, safety, and
building managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers and environmental impacts of the cleaning products and processes,
distributors,unionrepresentatives,andbuildingoccupantswho
5.1.1.5 Ongoing inspection and monitoring programs,
serve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance
5.1.1.6 Communicating clearly with building occupants,
of the building. This guide is intended to raise pertinent
and
questions regarding specific building environments in order
5.1.1.7 Practicingappropriatestorageanddisposalmethods.
that an appropriate stewardship strategy may be developed, for
5.1.2 Focusing on only a single area can create unantici-
example:
pated adverse impacts in other areas.
4.1.1.1 How is the building used?
5.1.3 Foster participation of cleaning personnel and build-
4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?
ing occupants. A successful cleaning program should encour-
4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to be
age participation and input along the entire chain-of-
considered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman? commerce. Cleaning personnel need to participate in the
planning, implementation, and continual improvement of the
4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?
cleaning program. Building occupants should be given the
4.1.1.5 Are there any special issues relevant to construction
opportunity to participate.
and furnishings?
5.1.4 Clean to protect health and safety. Appearances may
4.1.1.6 Are there any issues relating to building age/
be deceptive. Even buildings that appear to be clean can be
architectural, such as historic preservation requirements?
unhealthy. Focus on cleaning for health and safety by control-
4.1.1.7 are there any engineering concerns, such as HVAC
ling microorganisms, spills, gases, dust particles, and so forth.
systems and natural ventilation?
In most cases the appearance will be addressed at the same
4.1.1.8 How is the quality of cleaning being evaluated or
time.
measured?
5.1.5 Clean and maintain the building as a whole, not just
4.1.2 Regardlessofthespecificrequirements,thisguidewill
separate components. Cleaning and maintenance in one area of
help in the formulation of a comprehensive plan resulting in
a building can have a major impact on other areas.Appropriate
reduced risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants, and the
actions should take place to ensure the health and safety
environment.
throughouttheentirebuilding,inadditiontotheareawherethe
4.2 This guide will help the building owner and operator
work is being performed.
understand the cleaning process through the following:
5.1.6 Recognize occupant impacts on the indoor environ-
4.2.1 The development of a stewardship plan (see Section
ment. Occupants should share responsibility for maintaining
6), will clarify the level of cleanliness that is required or
health and safety. Occupants should quickly and clearly com-
expected, and will ensure that the cleaning process is carried
municate with cleaning personnel to facilitate the rapid solu-
out in a consistent manner with adequate communication
tion to problems. Furthermore, occupants should recognize
feedback to promote success of the plan.
howtheirbehavior,suchasfooddebrisresultingfromeatingin
4.2.2 An understanding of extended product responsibility their work areas, can contribute to additional cleaning and pest
(see Section 7) and the importance of shared responsibility. management requirements, which in turn have further impacts.
E1971 − 19
5.1.7 Ensure cleaning personnel and building occupant 6.1.2.3 Committing staff,
safety at all times. All products and processes may pose some 6.1.2.4 Committing funding,
risks, thus safety should always be considered. Safety precau-
6.1.2.5 Purchasing equipment (such as new vacuums, if
tions should be used during all cleaning processes, such as
required) and ensuring their maintenance,
proper ventilation, personal protective equipment, and safety
6.1.2.6 Training programs, and
signs where necessary. Safety precautions should also apply to
6.1.2.7 Ongoing communications with cleaning personnel
outside contractors, such as pest management or roofing
and occupants.
contractors to protect building occupants from the impacts of
6.1.2.8 The stewardship plan should discuss progress in
those products and processes.
each of these areas and plan for the future.
5.1.8 Be aware of the impacts to the outdoor environment.
6.1.3 Baseline Study/Benchmarking—A baseline study or
Impacts to the outdoor environment can include energy
benchmarking will promote the development and implementa-
requirements, water usage, disposal of products in terms of
tion of a stewardship plan that may reduce the environmental,
solid waste, down-the-drain to the appropriate water treatment
health and safety impacts of cleaning activities. This is a key
works, and emissions to the air during storage or use of
element in the stewardship process. Two primary reasons for
products.
benchmarking are goal setting and process development. Base-
line study or benchmarking can provide the building owner/
6. Developing A Stewardship Plan
manager with measurements to control and manage his/her
6.1 Plan Development—Building owners and operators
operations. The key is that the building owner/manager should
need to oversee the development of a written stewardship plan
firstdefinethegoaltobeachieved,whetheritbeadesiredlevel
and its periodic review. This plan will help to ensure that
of cleanliness, occupant satisfaction, or addressing a particular
expectations are being met and that the building is being
problem. A baseline study or benchmarking can be accom-
cleaned and protected as required.
plished through facility auditing and should focus on the entire
6.1.1 Components of the stewardship plan should include
cleaning process from which one can identify the greatest risks
both scheduled routine cleaning, as well as responses to
and opportunities for risk reduction. In scoping the need,
building occupant and worker related problems. Furthermore,
cleaning/maintenance management and the building owner/
specific sections need to be developed to address accidents and
manager should be encouraged to evaluate or audit their
preventative maintenance programs. These sections of the plan
operations, procurement, and processes to identify, prioritize,
should address common problems, as well as slip and fall
and focus on the greatest opportunities to reduce or eliminate
accidents, weather-related problems, water leaks, smoke, or
the volume of environmental or human health impacts, while
obnoxious odors.
adequately performing the cleaning task.
6.1.1.1 Building Policy and Goals—Goals and policies for
6.1.4 The study should include a review of the:
cleaning activities should be laid out clearly.The building plan
6.1.4.1 Use of space within the building, including any
should include a definition of the building’s primary mission
potential changes in use or occupancy,
whichwillassistmanagersandstaffinunderstandingthescope
6.1.4.2 Occupant habits, such as smoking or eating at work
andpriorityofstewardshipactivities.Forexample,becausethe
stations,
primary mission of a health care facility and that of a retail
6.1.4.3 Occupant or cleaning personnel complaints,
facility are different, the scope and priority of stewardship
6.1.4.4 Existing information from occupants and cleaning
activities may be substantially different.
personnel regarding cleaning products or processes,
6.1.1.2 By carefully considering the traffic level, time to
6.1.4.5 Indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment or test results, if
perform the task, types of soil, soil load, safety and hygiene
available,
performance requirements, and so forth. for each part of the
6.1.4.6 Existing cleaning processes/methodologies,
building the cleaning process can be optimized. This should
6.1.4.7 Current cleaning schedules,
result in adequate cleanliness for the function of the building,
6.1.4.8 Utilization of cleaning personnel,
optimal occupant/tenant satisfaction, improved productivity,
6.1.4.9 Training programs,
optimal cleaning cost effectiveness, appropriate choice of
6.1.4.10 Communications,
cleaning processes and products, and the greatest achievable
6.1.4.11 Document handling,
eco-efficiency and sustainability.
6.1.4.12 Current product usage, handling, storage, and en-
6.1.2 Management Commitment—The success of the stew-
vironmental attributes,
ardship plan is contingent upon top management commitment.
6.1.4.13 Hazard Communications, including Safety Data
The building owner/operator should be personally committed
Sheets for cleaning products, and
to success and ensure that senior building management follow
6.1.4.14 Relevant OSHA injury/illness records or workers
through on the stewardship program. Management commit-
compensation claims, or both.
ment may be demonstrated through:
6.1.4.15 Some examples of existing forms, outlines, and
6.1.2.1 Selecting a stewardship coordinator and outlining
his/her responsibilities, communication tools (letters) to assist in the development of
the baseline study can be found in Refs (4), (5), and (6). The
6.1.2.2 Establishing a stewardship task force with adequate
representation by staff from all key areas of the building, such stewardship plan should summarize the information.
as cleaning personnel, tenants, parents of students, and safety 6.1.5 Identification of Needs, Opportunities and Options—
and health professionals, Based on the results of the baseline study, brainstorming
E1971 − 19
sessions should be held among staff and managers to identify 6.1.6.7 Time and staff limitations,
systematically needs, opportunities and options for instituting
6.1.6.8 Appearance and performance requirements,
stewardship measures. The plan should summarize the results
6.1.6.9 Environmental impacts, and
of these efforts. Paragraphs 6.1.5.1 through 6.1.5.3 identify
6.1.6.10 Staff experience.
some of the key issues that can be considered.
6.1.7 Implementation and Evaluation—The implementation
6.1.5.1 Cost—The major cost element in cleaning is labor
section of the plan should set schedules for completion of
and thus will have a critical impact when identifying opportu-
major milestones, such as the completion of the stewardship
nities and options. In reviewing the overall cost of cleaning it
plan, identify roles and responsibilities, identify barriers en-
is important to ensure that sufficient provisions are made for
countered or expected, outline communication and training
initial and continuing worker training and that appropriate
needs for both cleaning personnel and tenants, indicate how
staffing levels are allocated to achieve the desired performance
success will be measured and evaluated, and outline priorities
requirements. Inadequate training of cleaning personnel and
for future activities.
inadequate staffing levels may lead to improper handling of
6.1.8 New Goals—After the stewardship plan has been
cleaning products and the failure to meet required performance
developed, implemented and fully evaluated, the plan should
criteria. This, in turn, may lead to increased risk of worker and
be periodically reevaluated to identify opportunities for im-
occupant exposure and the possible improper use of cleaning
provement.
materials.
6.1.5.2 Performance—The question building owner/
7. Extended Product Responsibility
operator should ask is: “How clean is clean enough?” Building
owners/operators should clearly understand the use of the 7.1 Impacts of Extended Product Responsibility—Extended
product responsibility is an approach to identifying environ-
building and the expectations of occupants/tenants. These
expectations for cleaning performance should be clearly de- mental consideration
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1971 − 05 (Reapproved 2011) E1971 − 19
Standard Guide for
Stewardship for the Cleaning of Commercial and
Institutional Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers a procedure to assist owners and operators of commercial and institutional buildings in the stewardship
of cleaning and housekeeping operations. The focus of this guide is to address appropriate cleaning activities and processes, to
promote eco-efficiency and sustainability, and to avoid adverse impacts on the building occupants, cleaning personnel, the building
structure itself, and the environment. Adherence to the principles set forth in this guide can lead to greater tenant/occupant
satisfaction, reduced operational costs and greater productivity (of occupants and cleaning personnel).
1.2 This guide will focus on the development of a stewardship plan and will include the assessment of cleaning processes,
product selection, storage, usage, disposal, equipment, training of cleaning personnel and communication throughout the
chain-of-commerce.
1.3 This guide addresses issues relating to the operation and maintenance of the heating, ventilating and air conditioning
(HVAC) systems which can have a major impact on indoor air quality (IAQ) only to the extent that the HVAC system provides
adequate ventilation to lower risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants and the environment during or as a result of the
cleaning process.
1.4 This guide is for use in a building that is maintained by either in-house cleaning personnel or an outside cleaning contractor.
1.5 This guide is not intended for construction related activities, but may be appropriate for post construction clean-up.
1.6 This guide is not intended as a procedural guide for cleaning personnel.
1.7 This guide is not intended for use in residential buildings.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.9 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.
Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace
the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied
without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the
document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construction.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2011April 15, 2019. Published December 2011May 2019. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20052011
as E1971 – 05.E1971–05(2011). DOI: 10.1520/E1971-05R11.10.1520/E1971–19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1971 − 19
E833 Terminology of Building Economics
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings
2.2 Other Standards:ISO Standard:
ISO 14040 Life Cycle AssessmentEnvironmental management -- Life cycle assessment -- Principles and framework
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to Terminology E631.
3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Some of these
terms are reprinted here for ease of use.
3.1.3 life-cycle, n—(1) the length of time over which an investment is analyzed; and E833
(2) consecutive and interlinked stages of a product system, from raw material acquisition or generation of natural resources to
the final disposal. ISO 14040
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Refer to the distinction between LCA and LCC. through which vapors are released from materials.
3.1.4 2 life-cycle assessment (LCA), n—a method of evaluating a product by reviewing the ecological impact over the life of
the product.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—
At each stage, the product and its components are evaluated based upon materials and energy consumed, and the pollution and
waste produced. Life stages include extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication, transportation, installation, use and
maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as the compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and
the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.
3.1.5 life-cycle cost (LCC) method, n—a technique of economic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costs of
initial investment (less resale value), replacements, operations (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of an investment
decision (expressed in present or annual value terms).
3.1.5.1 Discussion—
LCC is distinct from LCA in that LCA is an environmental review methodology and LCC is an economic review methodology.
3.1.6 non-renewable resource, n—a resource that exists in a fixed amount in various places in the earth’s crust and that cannot
be replenished on a human time scale.
3.1.6.1 Discussion—
Non-renewable resources have the potential for renewal only by geological, physical, and chemical processes taking place over
hundreds of millions of years. Non-renewable resources exist in various places in earth’s crust. Examples include: iron ore, coal,
and oil.
3.1.7 perpetual resource, n—a resource that is virtually inexhaustible on a human time scale.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—
Examples include solar energy, tidal energy, and wind energy.
3.1.8 renewable resource, n—a resource that is grown, naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceeds depletion of
the usable supply of that resource.
3.1.8.1 Discussion—
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://www.iso.ch.ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E1971 − 19
A renewable resource can be exhausted if improperly managed. However, a renewable resource can last indefinitely with proper
stewardship. Examples include: trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.
3.1.9 sustainability, n—the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 chain-of-commerce—manufacturers and suppliers of raw materials; manufacturers, marketers, and distributors of building
cleaning products (and systems/equipment); building owners and managers; building cleaning contractors; and cleaning personnel.
3.2.2 commercial and institutional buildings—indoor or enclosed workspaces such as office buildings, educational facilities,
health care facilities, retail establishments, and other similar facilities, but not including manufacturing and production facilities,
warehouses, residences, and agricultural operations.
3.2.3 eco-effıciency—the delivery of competitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life,
while progressively reducing negative ecological impacts and natural resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least
in line with the Earth’s carrying capacity.
3.2.4 hazard—the potential health or physical effect(s) attributable to a specific chemical, mixture, or physical agent.
3.2.5 material safety data sheet (MSDS)—(SDS)—a written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical which contains
the information set forth in the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (see paragraph (g) of 29 CFR 1910.1200) (1).
3.2.6 pollutant—any substance that directly or indirectly creates an adverse human health or environmental effect when
introduced into any environmental media.
3.2.7 pollution prevention—the act of reducing or eliminating the use, release, or generation of a pollutant or potential pollutant
through source reduction, recycling, reuse, reclamation, or modification of operating practices.
3.2.8 risk—the probability of deleterious health or environmental effects, (2).
3.2.9 stewardship—careful and responsible management, especially with respect to avoiding negative environmental impacts
and to promoting sustainability.
3.2.10 worker participation—the involvement of cleaning personnel or their representatives, or both, in all aspects of the
cleaning process; including product selection, evaluation and appropriate work practices, training, and communication of hazards,
and “the process of work.”
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Cleaning provides well documented benefits in terms of creating cleaner, safer, and healthier surroundings by extracting
harmful pollutants from the indoor environment (see Ref (3)). An improperly maintained indoor environment could give rise to
biological contaminants, and buildup of particulate matter and gases which can have serious health effects. These negative impacts
may have adverse affects on worker productivity affecting both cleaning personnel and tenants through increased complaints,
absenteeism, injuries, asthmatic incidents, or other symptoms. Inappropriate or improper use or selection of cleaning products and
processes, along with failure to follow label directions could result in injury or illness to cleaning personnel or building occupants.
In addition, it may be detrimental to the physical structure and systems of the building, or to the environment. Moreover, owners
and operators maintain the liability for the proper function of the building and its impacts on the occupants and cleaning personnel.
4.1.1 This guide provides a basic reference for the development and preservation of a building environment that is considered
safe and healthy for occupants, while reducing the stress on the overall environment as a result of routine maintenance. The
anticipated users of this guide include building managers, cleaning personnel, product suppliers and distributors, union
representatives, and building occupants who serve together in a stewardship role regarding the maintenance of the building. This
guide is intended to raise pertinent questions regarding specific building environments in order that an appropriate stewardship
strategy may be developed, for example:
4.1.1.1 How is the building used?
4.1.1.2 Are there any special cleaning requirements?
4.1.1.3 Are there any at-risk populations that need to be considered, such as children, asthmatics, or pregnant woman?
4.1.1.4 How are cleaning materials used?
4.1.1.5 Are there any special issues relevant to construction and furnishings?
4.1.1.6 Are there any issues relating to building age/architectural, such as historic preservation requirements?
4.1.1.7 are there any engineering concerns, such as HVAC systems and natural ventilation?
4.1.1.8 How is the quality of cleaning being evaluated or measured?
4.1.2 Regardless of the specific requirements, this guide will help in the formulation of a comprehensive plan resulting in
reduced risk to cleaning personnel, building occupants, and the environment.
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
It should be noted that ASTM’s definition of Pollution Prevention is different from some definitions used by the Environmental Protection Agency. See, for example,
58Fed.Reg.6478 58 Fed. Reg. 6478 (Jan. 29, 1993, Council on Environmental Quality), and 58Fed.Reg.41,981 58 Fed. Reg. 41,981 (Aug. 6, 1993, Executive Order).
E1971 − 19
4.2 This guide will help the building owner and operator understand the cleaning process through the following:
4.2.1 The development of a stewardship plan (see Section 6), will clarify the level of cleanliness that is required or expected,
and will ensure that the cleaning process is carried out in a consistent manner with adequate communication feedback to promote
success of the plan.
4.2.2 An understanding of extended product responsibility (see Section 7) and the importance of shared responsibility. This
section includes task identification and performance requirements, process and product selection, use, storage, and disposal.
4.2.3 An identification of the training and communications issues (see Section 8) that will encourage involvement with the entire
chain-of-commerce in the cleaning process. These issues are related to both procedural training and feedback opportunities for
cleaning personnel, as well as information sharing with building tenants to inform them of possible cleaning process impacts.
5. Stewardship Principles
5.1 Stewardship Principles—A building owner or operator should manage the cleaning process according to the following
stewardship principles:
5.1.1 Take a comprehensive process approach to cleaning. This includes:
5.1.1.1 Identifying the cleaning task and performance requirements,
5.1.1.2 Defining or outlining steps of the cleaning procedure,
5.1.1.3 Selecting the correct products and equipment,
5.1.1.4 Training cleaning personnel to use correct procedures and to understand the potential health, safety, and environmental
impacts of the cleaning products and processes,
5.1.1.5 Ongoing inspection and monitoring programs,
5.1.1.6 Communicating clearly with building occupants, and
5.1.1.7 Practicing appropriate storage and disposal methods.
5.1.2 Focusing on only a single area can create unanticipated adverse impacts in other areas.
5.1.3 Foster participation of cleaning personnel and building occupants. A successful cleaning program should encourage
participation and input along the entire chain-of-commerce. Cleaning personnel need to participate in the planning,
implementation, and continual improvement of the cleaning program. Building occupants should be given the opportunity to
participate.
5.1.4 Clean to protect health and safety. Appearances may be deceptive. Even buildings that appear to be clean can be unhealthy.
Focus on cleaning for health and safety by controlling microorganisms, spills, gases, dust particles, and so forth. In most cases the
appearance will be addressed at the same time.
5.1.5 Clean and maintain the building as a whole, not just separate components. Cleaning and maintenance in one area of a
building can have a major impact on other areas. Appropriate actions should take place to ensure the health and safety throughout
the entire building, in addition to the area where the work is being performed.
5.1.6 Recognize occupant impacts on the indoor environment. Occupants should share responsibility for maintaining health and
safety. Occupants should quickly and clearly communicate with cleaning personnel to facilitate the rapid solution to problems.
Furthermore, occupants should recognize how their behavior, such as food debris resulting from eating in their work areas, can
contribute to additional cleaning and pest management requirements, which in turn have further impacts.
5.1.7 Ensure cleaning personnel and building occupant safety at all times. All products and processes may pose some risks, thus
safety should always be considered. Safety precautions should be used during all cleaning processes, such as proper ventilation,
personal protective equipment, and safety signs where necessary. Safety precautions should also apply to outside contractors, such
as pest management or roofing contractors to protect building occupants from the impacts of those products and processes.
5.1.8 Be aware of the impacts to the outdoor environment. Impacts to the outdoor environment can include energy requirements,
water usage, disposal of products in terms of solid waste, down-the-drain to the appropriate water treatment works, and emissions
to the air during storage or use of products.
6. Developing A Stewardship Plan
6.1 Plan Development—Building owners and operators need to oversee the development of a written stewardship plan and its
periodic review. This plan will help to ensure that expectations are being met and that the building is being cleaned and protected
as required.
6.1.1 Components of the stewardship plan should include both scheduled routine cleaning, as well as responses to building
occupant and worker related problems. Furthermore, specific sections need to be developed to address accidents and preventative
maintenance programs. These sections of the plan should address common problems, as well as slip and fall accidents,
weather-related problems, water leaks, smoke, or obnoxious odors.
6.1.1.1 Building Policy and Goals—Goals and policies for cleaning activities should be laid out clearly. The building plan
should include a definition of the building’s primary mission which will assist managers and staff in understanding the scope and
priority of stewardship activities. For example, because the primary mission of a health care facility and that of a retail facility are
different, the scope and priority of stewardship activities may be substantially different.
6.1.1.2 By carefully considering the traffic level, time to perform the task, types of soil, soil load, safety and hygiene
performance requirements, and so forth. for each part of the building the cleaning process can be optimized. This should result in
E1971 − 19
adequate cleanliness for the function of the building, optimal occupant/tenant satisfaction, improved productivity, optimal cleaning
cost effectiveness, appropriate choice of cleaning processes and products, and the greatest achievable eco-efficiency and
sustainability.
6.1.2 Management Commitment—The success of the stewardship plan is contingent upon top management commitment. The
building owner/operator should be personally committed to success and ensure that senior building management follow through
on the stewardship program. Management commitment may be demonstrated through:
6.1.2.1 Selecting a stewardship coordinator and outlining his/her responsibilities,
6.1.2.2 Establishing a stewardship task force with adequate representation by staff from all key areas of the building, such as
cleaning personnel, tenants, parents of students, and safety and health professionals,
6.1.2.3 Committing staff,
6.1.2.4 Committing funding,
6.1.2.5 Purchasing equipment (such as new vacuums, if required) and ensuring their maintenance,
6.1.2.6 Training programs, and
6.1.2.7 Ongoing communications with cleaning personnel and occupants.
6.1.2.8 The stewardship plan should discuss progress in each of these areas and plan for the future.
6.1.3 Baseline Study/Benchmarking—A baseline study or benchmarking will promote the development and implementation of
a stewardship plan that may reduce the environmental, health and safety impacts of cleaning activities. This is a key element in
the stewardship process. Two primary reasons for benchmarking are goal setting and process development. Baseline study or
benchmarking can provide the building owner/manager with measurements to control and manage his/her operations. The key is
that the building owner/manager should first define the goal to be achieved, whether it be a desired level of cleanliness, occupant
satisfaction, or addressing a particular problem. A baseline study or benchmarking can be accomplished through facility auditing
and should focus on the entire cleaning process from which one can identify the greatest risks and opportunities for risk reduction.
In scoping the need, cleaning/maintenance management and the building owner/manager should be encouraged to evaluate or audit
their operations, procurement, and processes to identify, prioritize, and focus on the greatest opportunities to reduce or eliminate
the volume of environmental or human health impacts, while adequately performing the cleaning task.
6.1.4 The study should include a review of the:
6.1.4.1 Use of space within the building, including any potential changes in use or occupancy,
6.1.4.2 Occupant habits, such as smoking or eating at work stations,
6.1.4.3 Occupant or cleaning personnel complaints,
6.1.4.4 Existing information from occupants and cleaning personnel regarding cleaning products or processes,
6.1.4.5 Indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment or test results, if available,
6.1.4.6 Existing cleaning processes/methodologies,
6.1.4.7 Current cleaning schedules,
6.1.4.8 Utilization of cleaning personnel,
6.1.4.9 Training programs,
6.1.4.10 Communications,
6.1.4.11 Document handling,
6.1.4.12 Current product usage, handling, storage, and environmental attributes,
6.1.4.13 Hazard Communications, including Material Safety Data Sheets for cleaning products, and
6.1.4.14 Relevant OSHA injury/illness records or workers compensation claims, or both.
6.1.4.15 Some examples of existing forms, outlines, and communication tools (letters) to assist in the development of the
baseline study can be found in Refs (4), (5), and (6). The stewardship plan should summarize the information.
6.1.5 Identification of Needs, Opportunities and Options—Based on the results of the baseline study, brainstorming sessions
should be held among staff and managers to identify systematically needs, opportunities and options for instituting stewardship
measures. The plan should summarize the results of these efforts. Paragraphs 6.1.5.1 through 6.1.5.3 identify some of the key issues
that can be considered.
6.1.5.1 Cost—The major cost element in cleaning is labor and thus will have a critical impact when identifying opportunities
and options. In reviewing the overall cost of cleaning it is important to ensure that sufficient provisions are made for initial and
continuing worker training and that appropriate staffing levels are allocated to achieve the desired performance requirements.
Inadequate training of cleaning personnel and inadequate staffing levels may lead to improper handling of cleaning products and
the failure to meet required performance criteria. This, in turn, may lead to increased risk of worker and occupant exposure and
the possible improper use of cleaning materials.
6.1.5.2 Performance—The question building owner/operator should ask is: “How clean is clean enough?” Building
owners/operators should clearly understand the use of the building and the expectations of occupants/tenants. These expectations
for cleaning performance should be clearly defined. The cleaning requirements should be agreed upon with cleaning personnel and
translated into the size of the cleaning crew, time required on the job and choice of cleaning processes and products.
6.1.5.3 Time Available to do the Task—The time available to do a task affects the frequency and duration of the task. Processes
and products should be compatible with any unique challenges this poses. For example, there will be greater flexibility in
E1971 − 19
scheduling and completing a cleaning task in a building that is not occupied at night, than a facility that is used 24 hours a day.
Sometimes, cleaning processes and products may need to address the requirement for rapid execution of a cleaning task in order
to avoid interruption of the use of the building by occupants. If the allotted time is shortened t
...