ASTM D3427-19

Standard Test Method for Air Release Properties of Hydrocarbon Based Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic system performance or failure.  
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2 % volume under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air under conditions where a separation time is available. The significance of this test method has not been fully established. However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of sensitivity of the control of turbine and hydraulic systems. This test may not be suitable for ranking oils in applications where residence times are short and gas contents are high.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
Note 1: This test method was developed for hydrocarbon based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies only to hydrocarbon based oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2019
• ICS: 75.080 - Petroleum products in general
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.C0.02 - Corrosion and Water/Air Separability

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1401-18 - Standard Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3427 − 19
Designation 313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Hydrocarbon Based Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverstheabilityofturbine,hydraulic,
DIN 51381
and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for hydrocarbon based oils.
3. Terminology
Itmaybeusedforsomesyntheticfluids;however,theprecisionstatement
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
applies only to hydrocarbon based oils.
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% under the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
been heated to a temperature of 25°C, 50°C, or 75°C. After
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the air flow is stopped, the time required for the air entrained
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2% is recorded as the air
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
release time.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
NOTE2—Byagreementbetweenthecustomerandthelaboratory,theoil
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
different temperatures is not known at present.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such
2 as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
2.1 ASTM Standards:
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air
D1401TestMethodforWaterSeparabilityofPetroleumOils
bubbles to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will
and Synthetic Fluids
circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
aninabilitytomaintainoilpressure(particularlywithcentrifu-
Petroleum Products
gal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and
poor hydraulic system performance or failure.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
5.2 This test method measures the time for the entrained air
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
content to fall to the relatively low value of 0.2% volume
Subcommittee D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published January 2020. Originally
under a standardized set of test conditions and hence permits
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D3427–15. DOI:
the comparison of the ability of oils to separate entrained air
10.1520/D3427-19.
under conditions where a separation time is available. The
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort betweenASTM
significance of this test method has not been fully established.
International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International
logos imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically
However, entrained air can cause sponginess and lack of
equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical.Adopted
sensitivityofthecontrolofturbineandhydraulicsystems.This
as a joint ASTM/IP standard in 2006.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30,
the ASTM website. Germany.
*A Summary of Changes section appea
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3427 − 15 D3427 − 19
Designation 313–01
Standard Test Method for
1
Air Release Properties of Hydrocarbon Based Oils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3427; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the ability of turbine, hydraulic, and gear oils to separate entrained air.
NOTE 1—This test method was developed for hydrocarbon based oils. It may be used for some synthetic fluids; however, the precision statement applies
only to hydrocarbon based oils.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
3
2.2 DIN Standard:
DIN 51 381
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 air release time, n—the number of minutes needed for air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % under the
conditions of this test and at the specified temperature.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Compressed air is blown through the test oil, which has been heated to a temperature of 25 °C, 50 °C, or 75 °C. After the
air flow is stopped, the time required for the air entrained in the oil to reduce in volume to 0.2 % is recorded as the air release time.
NOTE 2—By agreement between the customer and the laboratory, the oil may be heated at other temperatures. However, the precision at these different
temperatures is not known at present.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.C0.02 on Corrosion and Water/Air Separability.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2019. Published November 2015January 2020. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 20142015
ɛ1
as D3427 – 14aD3427 – 15. . DOI: 10.1520/D3427-15.10.1520/D3427-19.
This standard has been developed through the cooperative effort between ASTM International and the Energy Institute, London. The EI and ASTM International logos
imply that the ASTM International and EI standards are technically equivalent, but does not imply that both standards are editorially identical. Adopted as a joint ASTM/IP
standard in 2006.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH, Burggrafenstrasse 6, 1000 Berlin 30, Germany.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D3427 − 19
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Agitation of lubricating oil with air in equipment, such as bearings, couplings, gears, pumps, and oil return lines, may
produce a dispersion of finely divided air bubbles in the oil. If the residence time in the reservoir is too short to allow the air bubbles
to rise to the oil surface, a mixture of air and oil will circulate through the lubricating oil system. This may result in an inability
to maintain oil pressure (particularly with centrifugal pumps), incomplete oil films in bearings and gears, and poor hydraulic
system performance or failure.
5.2 Thi
...