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ASTM D8274-19

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer

Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Biodiesel is a fuel commodity primarily used as a value-added blending component with diesel fuel. It is important to check the concentration of biodiesel in the diesel fuel in order to make sure it is within limits or does not exceed the maximum allowable limit.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.  
5.3 This test is simple to run, completed in less than one minute, with no dilution of the test sample, no cleaning solvents are required, and the analyzer is portable and self-contained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) in diesel fuel oils for volume fractions of 0.1 % to 31.0 % by mid-infrared analyzer with a resolution of 0.1 %.
Note 1: ASTM and ISO specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975 grades No. 1D and No. 2D, D7467, distillate grades of D396, MIL-DTL-16884, and distillate grades of marine fuel specification ISO 8217.  
1.2 The accuracy of this test method is based on the molecular weight of C16 and C18 FAME species.  
1.2.1 Discussion—Biodiesel contains a variety of species with different molecular weights. Typical market FAMEs from North America and Europe, which are predominantly soy, rapeseed, and used cooking oil derived FAME were included in the pilot study. FAME derived from coconut, which predominantly contains C12, will over-read by approximately 30 %.  
1.3 It is not possible to distinguish between vegetable oils, animal fats, FAEE, and FAME. For more information, see Section 6.  
1.4 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2019
ICS
75.160.40 - Biofuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0F - Absorption Spectroscopic Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8274-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared AnalyzerASTM D8274-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer
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ASTM D8274-19 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8274 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters)
Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared
1
Analyzer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content
of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) in diesel fuel
2. Referenced Documents
oils for volume fractions of 0.1 % to 31.0 % by mid-infrared
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analyzer with a resolution of 0.1 %.
NOTE 1—ASTM and ISO specification fuels falling within the scope of D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products and
this test method include Specifications: D975 grades No. 1D and No. 2D,
Liquid Fuels at Atmospheric Pressure
D7467, distillate grades of D396, MIL-DTL-16884, and distillate grades
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
of marine fuel specification ISO 8217.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.2 The accuracy of this test method is based on the
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
molecular weight of C16 and C18 FAME species.
ity)
1.2.1 Discussion—Biodiesel contains a variety of species
D975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils
with different molecular weights. Typical market FAMEs from
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
North America and Europe, which are predominantly soy,
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
rapeseed,andusedcookingoilderivedFAMEwereincludedin
ucts by Hydrometer Method
the pilot study. FAME derived from coconut, which predomi-
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
nantly contains C12, will over-read by approximately 30 %.
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.3 It is not possible to distinguish between vegetable oils,
Petroleum Products
animal fats, FAEE, and FAME. For more information, see
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Section 6.
Fuels, and Lubricants
1.4 This test method has interim repeatability precision
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
only, see Section 14 for more information.
Petroleum Products
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Analytical Standards
standard.
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Measurement System Performance
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
Lubricants
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6751 Specification for Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock (B100)
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
for Middle Distillate Fuels
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D7371 Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
AcidMethylEsters)ContentinDieselFuelOilUsingMid
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR-PLS Method)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.04.0F on Absorption Spectroscopic Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8274-19. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8274 − 19
D7467 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oil, Biodiesel Blend 6. Interferences
(B6 to B20)
6.1 Undissolved Water and Particulates—Samples contain-
D7797 Test Method for Determination of the Fatty Acid
ing undissolved water or particulates can result in erroneous
Methyl Esters Content of Aviation Turb
...

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5.1 This test method covers the determination of five elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) in biodiesel and biodiesel blends.  
5.2 The presence of metals and metalloids in engine fuels can influence the performance of engines and contribute to shortening the lifetime of the equipment. In addition, some elements act as catalyst poison contributing to increases in the amount of unwanted gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of elements in biodiesel and biodiesel blends by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). The specific elements within the scope of this method are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).  
1.2 This test method conforms to Practice D6300, subection 8.4.5, valid test result range, and subsection 8.4.6, working range specifications. The valid test result range and working range are recent additions to Practice D6300, and a graphical representation using example values is shown in Appendix X2, Test Method Operating Range.  
1.3 Method working range:    
high expected concentration limit = highest ILS sample mean  
low expected concentration limit = lowest ILS sample mean if:  
lowest ILS sample mean − Rlowest ILS sample mean > 0; otherwise it is
determined by solving for X using the following equation:  
X − RX = coarsest resolution, determined by 0.5*σr lowest ILS sample mean    
Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends  
Element  
Method Working Range
(expected mg/kg)  
Calcium  
0.24 to 15.01  
Magnesium  
0.12 to 11.55  
Phosphorus  
1.69 to 14.24  
Potassium  
0.49 to 13.98  
Sodium  
0.90 to 14.30  
1.4 This test method uses organic elemental standards in organic solvents for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and particles larger than a few micrometers can cause results to appear low.  
1.5 Elements present at mass fractions above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional appropriate dilutions. Elements shall be measured at the wavelengths presented in Table 1. Alternate wavelengths noted in Appendix X1 may be used in the rare case of spectral interference.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8274-20a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Biodiesel is a fuel commodity primarily used as a blending component with diesel fuel. It is important to check the concentration of biodiesel in the diesel fuel in order to verify it is within limits or does not exceed the maximum allowable limit.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.  
5.3 This test is simple to run, completed in less than one minute, with no dilution of the test sample, no cleaning solvents are required, and the analyzer is portable and self-contained.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the content of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)) in diesel fuel oils for volume fractions of 0.1 % to 31.0 % by mid-infrared analyzer with a resolution of 0.1 %.
Note 1: ASTM and ISO specification fuels falling within the scope of this test method include Specifications: D975 grades No. 1D and No. 2D, D7467, distillate grades of D396, MIL-DTL-16884, and distillate grades of marine fuel specification ISO 8217.  
1.2 The accuracy of this test method is based on the molecular weight of C16 and C18 FAME species.  
1.2.1 Discussion—Biodiesel contains a variety of species with different molecular weights. Typical market FAMEs from North America and Europe, which are predominantly soy, rapeseed, and used cooking oil derived FAME were included in the pilot study. FAME derived from coconut, which predominantly contains C12, will over-read by approximately 30 %.  
1.3 This method cannot distinguish between vegetable oils, animal fats, FAEE, compounds containing carbonyl groups, and FAME. For more information, see Section 6.  
1.4 This test method has interim repeatability precision only, see Section 14 for more information.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D8351-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends by Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (MP-AES)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the determination of five elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) in biodiesel and biodiesel blends.  
5.2 The presence of metals and metalloids in engine fuels can influence the performance of engines and contribute to shortening the lifetime of the equipment. In addition, some elements act as catalyst poison contributing to increases in the amount of unwanted gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elements in biodiesel and biodiesel blends by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). The specific elements within the scope of this method are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).  
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1.3 Method working range:    
high expected concentration limit = highest ILS sample mean  
low expected concentration limit = lowest ILS sample mean if:  
lowest ILS sample mean − Rlowest ILS sample mean > 0; otherwise it is
determined by solving for X using the following equation:  
X − RX = coarsest resolution, determined by 0.5*σr lowest ILS sample mean    
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Calcium  
0.24 to 15.01  
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1.69 to 14.24  
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1.5 Elements present at mass fractions above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional appropriate dilutions. Elements shall be measured at the wavelengths presented in Table 1. Alternate wavelengths noted in Appendix X1 may be used in the rare case of spectral interference.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters) Content in Diesel Fuel Oil by Portable Rapid Mid-Infrared Analyzer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Biodiesel is a fuel commodity primarily used as a blending component with diesel fuel. It is important to check the concentration of biodiesel in the diesel fuel in order to verify it is within limits or does not exceed the maximum allowable limit.  
5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.  
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4.1.2 Producers of cellulosic fuels derived from the simultaneous conversion of feedstocks that are predominantly cellulosic and feedstocks that are not predominantly cellulosic (CFR 40, Part 80 and EPA-HQ-OAR-2012-0401; FRL-9910-40-OAR).  
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SCOPE
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1.3 This practice is intended to be used in renewable fuel production facilities designed to produce renewable alcohols. Use of this practice in any other type of process has not been reviewed.  
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4.1 This test method specifically identifies fatty acid methyl esters and petroleum distillates found in biodiesel products. Derivatization is not necessary to identify FAMEs.  
4.1.1 This test method is useful when biodiesel products are suspected as a fuel source in a fire or a fuel product case and the identification of the “bio” portion of the fuel is of interest.  
4.1.2 The identification of biodiesel in samples from a fire scene can support the field investigator’s opinion regarding the origin and cause of the fire or provide investigative leads.  
4.1.3 The identification of biodiesel in a sample of fuel from a dispensing container or fuel tank can support the field investigator’s findings in a fuel product tampering investigation.  
4.2 FAMEs can be identified in debris samples using headspace extraction techniques and GC-MS.  
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4.3 Biodiesel products can be identified in liquid samples by GC-MS after appropriate solvent dilution or extraction.  
4.4 Biodiesel is available in different blends, where B100 is 100 % biodiesel (typically 100 % transesterified vegetable oils or recycled restaurant greases) and B2 is 2 % biodiesel and 98 % petroleum diesel, with variations in between.  
4.5 This test method is a sensitive technique and can detect quantities as small as 7 μL of biodiesel residue in an extract from a debris sample.  
4.6 This test method can be hampered by coincident extraction of interfering compounds present in the debris samples.  
4.7 Depending on the extraction method used, this could be a destructive technique and whenever possible the entire sample should not be used for the procedure. Solvent extracted portions of the sample are not suitable for resampling.  
4.8 Alternate methods of e...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis and identification of the fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and petroleum distillate components of biodiesel products.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for identifying the components of biodiesel products in extracts of debris samples or in liquid samples.  
1.3 The identification of a specific source of the FAMEs or the proportion of the blend of biodiesel requires additional analysis and is beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 This test method cannot replace the requisite knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience and should be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Standard Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Use of Oil Spill Dispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments, Lakes and Large Water Bodies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide is meant to aid response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.  
3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill response.  
1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. Chemical dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill countermeasures.  
1.3 This is a general guide only. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered. The dispersibility of the oil with the chosen dispersant should be evaluated.  
1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).  
1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application of dispersants to subsurface waters.  
1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.  
1.7 This guide does not address getting regulatory approval.  
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4.2 The drying shrinkage of mortar as determined by this test method has a linear relation to the drying shrinkage of concrete made with the same cement and exposed to the same drying conditions.4 Hence this test method may be used when it is desired to develop data on the effect of a hydraulic cement on the drying shrinkage of concrete made with that cement.
SCOPE
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure).2  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
Note 1: Attention is called to Specifications D1752 and D994/D994M.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B637-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening and Cold Worked Nickel Alloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for Moderate or High Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. Chemical analysis shall be performed on the alloy and shall conform to the chemical composition requirement in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, columbium, tantalum, titanium, aluminum, zirconium, boron, iron, copper, and nickel. The material shall follow recommended annealing treatment, solution treatment, stabilizing treatment, and precipitation hardening treatment. Tension testing, hardness testing and stress-rupture testing shall be performed on the material and shall comply to the required tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction in area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers hot- and cold-worked precipitation-hardenable nickel alloy rod, bar, forgings, and forging stock for moderate or high temperature service (Table 1).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
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