ASTM E2033-99
(Practice)Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
Standard Practice for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers application details for computed radiology (CR) examination using a process in which photo-stimulable luminescence is emitted by the penetrating radiation detector, a storage phosphor imaging plate (SPIP). Because the techniques involved and the applications for CR examination are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E 94 and E 2007, Terminology E 1316, and Practices E 747 and E 1025, and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for additional information and guidance.
1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice apply broadly to penetrating radiation CR systems. However, this document is written specifically for use with X-ray and gamma-ray systems. Other CR systems, such as those employing neutrons, will involve equipment and application details unique to such systems.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety statements, see Section 10 and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96.
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Designation:E2033–99
Standard Practice for
Computed Radiology (Photostimulable Luminescence
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2033; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E 1453 Guide for Storage of Media That Contains Analog
or Digital Radioscopic Data
1.1 This practice covers application details for computed
E 1475 Guide for Data Fields for Computerized Transfer of
radiology (CR) examination using a process in which photo-
Digital Radiological Test Data
stimulableluminescenceisemittedbythepenetratingradiation
E 1817 Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological
detector, a storage phosphor imaging plate (SPIP). Because the
Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators
techniques involved and the applications for CR examination
(RQIs)
are diverse, this practice is not intended to be limiting or
E 2007 Guide for Computed Radiology (Photostimulable
restrictive, but rather to address the general applications of the
Luminescence Method)
technology and thereby facilitate its use. Refer to Guides E 94
2.2 ASNT Standards:
and E 2007, Terminology E 1316, and Practices E 747 and
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
E 1025, and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR 1910.96 for
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
additional information and guidance.
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
1.2 The general principles discussed in this practice apply
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
broadly to penetrating radiation CR systems. However, this
2.3 Federal Standards:
document is written specifically for use with X-ray and
Title 21, CFR 1020.40 Safety Requirements of Cabinet
gamma-ray systems. Other CR systems, such as those employ-
X-Ray Systems
ing neutrons, will involve equipment and application details
Title 29, CFR 1910.96 Ionizing Radiation
unique to such systems.
2.4 AIA Standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Testing Personnel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3. Summary of Practice
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety
3.1 ACRexaminationsystemcanbeusedforawidevariety
statements, see Section 10 and 21 CFR 1020.40 and 29 CFR
of applications.Atypical CR examination system consists of a
1910.96.
radiation source, a storage phosphor imaging plate detector, a
2. Referenced Documents plate reader, an electronic imaging system, a digital image
processor, a monitor display, a digital image archiving system,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
and, if desired, equipment for producing hard copy analog
E 94 Guide for Radiographic Testing
images. This practice establishes the basic parameters for the
E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
application and control of the CR method.
Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators
(IQI) Used for Radiology
4. Significance and Use
E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
4.1 The X-, gamma-ray detector discussed in this practice is
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-
3 a storage phosphor imaging plate, hereafter referred to as SPIP.
cators (IQI) Used for Radiology
The SPIP, which is the key component in the CR process,
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
differentiates CR from other radiologic methods. This practice
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate
Radiology (X and Gamma Method). Plaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1999. Published October 1999. AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
ForASMEBoilerandPressureCodeapplications,seerelatedPracticeSE-2033 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
in Section II of that code. AvailablefromAerospaceIndustriesAssociationofAmerica,Inc.,1250EyeSt.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. NW, Washington, D.C. 20005.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2033–99
is written so that it can be specified on the engineering 6.1.6 Performance Evaluation—A listing of the qualifica-
drawing, specification, or contract and must be supplemented tion tests and the intervals at which they are to be applied to
by a detailed procedure (see Section 6 and Annex A1 and ensure the system is suitable for its intended purpose.
Annex A2). 6.1.7 Image Archiving Requirements—A listing of the re-
quirements, if any, for preserving a historical record of the
5. Equipment examination results. The listing may include examination
images along with written or electronically recorded alphanu-
5.1 System Configuration—Different examination systems
meric or audio narrative information, or both, sufficient to
configurations are possible, and it is important to understand
allow subsequent reevaluation or repetition of the examination.
the advantages and limitations of each. It is important that the
6.1.8 Qualifications—Nondestructive testing (NDT) per-
optimum system be selected for each examination requirement
sonnel shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally
through a careful analysis of the benefits and limitations of the
recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or a standard
available system components and the chosen system configu-
such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a
ration. The provider as well as the user of the examination
similar document.
services should be fully aware of the capabilities and limita-
tions of the examination system that is proposed for examina-
7. CR Examination System Performance Considerations
tion of the part. The provider and the user of examination
and Measurement
services shall agree upon the system configuration to be used
7.1 Factors Affecting System Performance—Total examina-
for each application under consideration and how its perfor-
tion system performance is determined by the combined
mance is to be evaluated.
performance of the system components that includes the
5.1.1 The minimum system configuration will include an
radiation source, storage phosphor plate detector, plate reader,
appropriate source of penetrating radiation, a phosphor plate
electronic image processing system, image display, and exami-
detector, a plate reader, and an electronic imaging system with
nation record archiving system.
a CRT display.
7.1.1 Radiation Sources—Examination systems may utilize
5.1.2 A more complex system might include a microfocus
either radioisotope or X-ray sources. The energy spectrum of
X-ray system, a digital image processing evaluation system,
the X-radiation contains a blend of contrast enhancing longer
and an image recording and printing system.
wavelengths as well as the more penetrating, shorter wave-
lengths. X-radiation is adjustable in energy and intensity to
6. General Procedure Considerations
meet the CR examination requirements and has the added
safety feature of discontinued radiation production when
6.1 The purchaser and supplier shall mutually agree upon a
switchedoff.Aradioisotopesourcehastheadvantagesofsmall
written procedure using the applicable annex of supplemental
physical size, portability, simplicity, and uniformity of output.
requirements and also consider the following general require-
7.1.1.1 X-ray machines produce a more intense X-ray beam
ments.
emanating from a smaller focal spot than do radioisotope
6.1.1 Equipment Qualifications—A listing of the system
sources. X-ray focal spot sizes range from a few millimeters
features that must be qualified to ensure that the system is
down to a few micrometers. Reducing the source size reduces
capable of performing the desired examination.
geometric unsharpness, thereby enhancing detail sensitivity.
6.1.2 Source Parameter—A listing of all the radiation
X-ray sources may offer multiple or variable focal spot sizes.
source-related variables that can affect the examination results
Smaller focal spots produce higher resolution with reduced
for the selected system configuration such as: source energy,
X-ray beam intensity, while larger focal spots can provide
intensity, focal spot size, range of source to object distances,
higherX-rayintensitywithlowerresolution.MicrofocusX-ray
range of object to image plane distances, and source to image
tubes are available with focal spots that may be adjusted to as
plane distances.
smallasafewmicrometersindiameterwhilestillproducingan
6.1.3 Image Processing Parameters—Alisting of the image
X-ray beam of sufficient intensity so as to be useful for the CR
processing variables, if any, necessary to enhance fine detail
examination of finely detailed parts.
detectability in the part and to achieve the required image
7.1.1.2 Conventional focal spots of 1.0 mm and larger are
quality.These would include, but are not limited to, techniques
useful at low geometric magnification values close to 1x.
such as noise reduction, contrast enhancement, and spatial
Fractional focal spots ranging from 0.4 mm up to 1.0 mm are
filtering. Great care should be exercised in the selection of
useful at geometric magnifications up to approximately 2x.
directional image processing parameters such as spatial filter-
Minifocus spots in the range from 0.1 mm up to 0.4 mm are
ing, which may emphasize features in certain orientations and
useful at geometric magnifications up to about 6x. Greater
suppress them in others. The listing should indicate the means
magnifications suggest the use of a microfocus spot size of less
for qualifying image processing parameters.
than 0.1 mm to minimize the effects of geometric unsharpness.
6.1.4 Image Display Parameters—A listing of the tech-
Microfocus X-ray tubes are capable of focal spot sizes of less
–8
niques and the intervals at which they are to be applied for
than 10 µm (10 m) and are useful for geometric magnifica-
standardizing the video image display as to brightness, con-
tions of more than 100x.
trast, focus, and linearity.
7.1.2 SPIP—The storage phosphor imaging plate is a key
6.1.5 Accept-Reject Criteria—A listing of the expected element. It has the function of converting the radiation input
kinds of part imperfections and the rejection level for each. signal containing part information into a corresponding optical
E2033–99
signal while preserving the maximum amount of part informa- 7.1.7.2 Specific examination data as to part number, batch,
tion. The SPIPis a two-dimensional area detector providing an serial number, and so forth (as applicable);
area field of view.
7.1.7.3 Part orientation and examination site information by
7.1.3 SPIP Reader—The SPIP reader has the function of
reference to unique part features within the field of view; and
optically scanning the imaging plate, collecting the emitted
7.1.7.4 System performance monitoring by recording the
light, converting the light to an electronic signal, then convert-
results of the prescribed examination system performance
ing this signal to a digital format.
monitoring tests, as set forth in Section 5, at the beginning and
7.1.4 Electronic Imaging Processing System:
end of a series of examinations.
7.1.4.1 The function of the electronic imaging processing
7.2 Performance Measurement—System performance pa-
system is to take the output of the SPIP reader and present a
rameters must be determined initially and monitored regularly
digital file for image display and operator interpretation.
to ensure consistent results. The best measure of total CR
7.1.4.2 The electronic imaging processing system includes
examination system performance can be made with the system
all of the electronics and interfaces after the SPIP reader,
in operation, utilizing a representative quality indicator (RQI)
including image enhancement and image display.
similar to the part under actual operating conditions. This
7.1.4.3 The digital image processing system warrants spe-
indicates the use of an actual or simulated part containing
cial attention because it is the means by which examination
actual or simulated features that must be reliably detected.
informationwillbeinterpreted.Greatcaremustbeexercisedin
Such an RQI will provide a reliable indication of the system’s
determining which image processing techniques are most
capabilities. Conventional wire or plaque-type Image Quality
beneficial for the particular application. Directional spatial
Indicators (IQIs) may be used in place of, or in addition to, the
filtering operations, for example, must be given special atten-
RQI. Performance measurement methods are a matter of
tion as certain feature orientations are emphasized while others
agreement between the provider and user.
are suppressed.
7.2.1 Performance Measurement Intervals—System perfor-
7.1.5 Image Display:
mance measurement techniques should be standardized so that
7.1.5.1 The function of the image display is to convey
performance measurement tests may be readily duplicated at
information about the part to the system operator. The image
specified intervals. System performance should be evaluated at
display size, spatial resolution, magnification, and ambient
sufficiently frequent intervals, as agreed upon by the supplier
lighting are important system considerations.
and user, to minimize the possibility of time-dependent perfor-
7.1.6 Examination Record Archiving System—Many appli-
mance variations.
cations require an archival quality examination record of the
7.2.2 Measurement with IQIs—System performance mea-
examination. The archiving system may take many forms, a
surement using IQIs shall be in accordance with accepted
few of which are listed in 7.1.6.1 through 7.1.6.5. Each
industry standards describing the use of IQIs. The IQIs should
archiving system has its own peculiarities as to image quality,
be placed on the part as close as possible to the area of interest.
archival storage properties, equipment, and media cost. The
Theuseofwire-typeIQIsshouldalsotakeintoaccountthatthe
examination record archiving system should be chosen on the
system may exhibit asymmetrical sensitivity, in which case the
basis of these and other pertinent parameters, as agreed upon
wire diameter ax
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