ASTM G63-99
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service
Standard Guide for Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G94 has been developed to address metals.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use . Note 1-The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility. Note 2-In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.
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Designation:G63–99
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials for Oxygen Service
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG 63;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 566 Test Method for Dropping Point of Lubricating
Grease
1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter
D 1264 Test Method for Water Washout Characteristics of
called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-
Lubricating Greases
enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is
D 1743 Test Method for Corrosion Preventive Properties of
intended for use in selecting materials for applications in
Lubricating Greases
connection with the production, storage, transportation, distri-
D 1748 Test Method for Rust Protection by Metal Preser-
bution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the
vatives in the Humidity Cabinet
properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibil-
D 2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with
ity to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not
Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-
involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing,
Fail Technique)
reactions between various materials in the system, functional
D 2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen
reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shred-
Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of
ding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might
Plastics (Oxygen Index)
contribute to an ignition.
D 4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
1.2 Whenthisdocumentwasoriginallypublishedin1980,it
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Intermediate
addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been
Precision Method)
narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard
G 72 Test Method for Autogenous Ignition Temperature of
Guide G 94 has been developed to address metals.
Liquids and Solids in a High-Pressure Oxygen-Enriched
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Environment
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
G 74 Test Method for Ignition Sensitivity of Materials to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Gaseous Fluid Impact
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
G 86 Test Method for Determining Ignition Sensitivity of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Materials to Mechanical Impact in Ambient Liquid Oxy-
NOTE 1—The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no
gen and Pressurized Liquid and Gaseous Oxygen Environ-
position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in
ments
connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are
G 88 Guide for Designing Systems for Oxygen Service
expresslyadvisedthatdeterminationofthevalidityofanysuchevaluation
G 93 Practice for Cleaning Methods for Material and
methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data
Equipment Used in Oxygen-Enriched Environments
are entirely their own responsibility.
NOTE 2—In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding
G 94 Guide for Evaluating Metals for Oxygen Service
atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be
G 124 Test Method for Determining the Combustion Be-
evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase
havior of Metallic Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmo-
in material combustibility.
spheres
G 125 Test Method for Measuring Liquid and Solid Mate-
2. Referenced Documents
rial Fire Limits in Gaseous Oxidants
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G 126 Terminology Relating to the Compatibility and Sen-
D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
sitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
Grease
G 127 Guide for the Selection of Cleaning Agents for
Oxygen Systems
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G-4 on Compatibility
and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee G04.02 on Recommended Practices. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.03.
CurrenteditionapprovedMarch10,1999.PublishedSeptember1999.Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
published as G 63 – 80. Last previous edition G 63 – 98. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.03.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G63
G 128 Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen- experience, know how to apply physical and chemical prin-
Enriched Systems ciples involved in the reactions between oxygen and other
G 145 Guide for Studying Fire Incidents in Oxygen Sys- materials.
tems 3.2.11 reaction effect—the personnel injury, facility dam-
2.2 Federal Standard: age, product loss, downtime, or mission loss that could occur
Fed. Test Method Std. 91B Corrosion Protection by Coat- as the result of an ignition.
ing: Salt Spray (Fog) Test
4. Significance and Use
2.3 Other Standard:
BS3N:100:1985 SpecificationforGeneralDesignRequire-
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified techni-
ments for Aircraft Oxygen Systems and Equipment
cal personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting
2.4 Other Documents:
materials for oxygen service in order to minimize the probabil-
CGA Pamphlet G4.4 Industrial Practices for Gaseous Oxy-
ityofignitionandtheriskofexplosionorfire.Itisnotintended
gen Transmission and Distribution Piping System
as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
NSS 1740.15 NASA Safety Standard for Oxygen and Oxy-
gen Systems
5. Factors Affecting Selection of Material
5.1 General—The selection of a material for use with
3. Terminology
oxygen or oxygen-enriched atmospheres is primarily a matter
3.1 Definitions:
of understanding the circumstances that cause oxygen to react
3.1.1 autoignition temperature—the temperature at which a
with the material. Most materials in contact with oxygen will
material will spontaneously ignite in oxygen under specific test
not ignite without a source of ignition energy. When an
conditions (see Guide G 88).
energy-input rate, as converted to heat, is greater than the rate
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
of heat dissipation, and the temperature increase is continued
3.2.1 direct oxygen service—in contact with oxygen during
for sufficient time, ignition and combustion will occur. Thus
normal operations. Examples: oxygen compressor piston rings,
considered: the material’s minimum ignition temperature, and
control valve seats.
the energy sources that will produce a sufficient increase in the
3.2.2 impact-ignition resistance—the resistance of a mate-
temperature of the material. These should be viewed in the
rial to ignition when struck by an object in an oxygen
context of the entire system design so that the specific factors
atmosphere under a specific test procedure.
listed below will assume the proper relative significance. To
3.2.3 indirect oxygen service—not normally in contact with
summarize: it depends on the application.
oxygen, but which might be as a result of a reasonably
5.2 Properties of the Material:
foreseeablemalfunction,operatorerror,orprocessdisturbance.
5.2.1 Factors Affecting Ease of Ignition—Generally, in
Examples: liquid oxygen tank insulation, liquid oxygen pump
considering a material for a specific oxygen application, one of
motor bearings.
themostsignificantfactorsisitsminimumignitiontemperature
3.2.4 maximum use pressure—the maximum pressure to
in oxygen. Other factors that will affect its ignition are relative
which a material can be subjected due to a reasonably
resistance to impact, geometry, configuration, specific heat,
foreseeable malfunction, operator error, or process upset.
relative porosity, thermal conductivity, preoxidation or passiv-
3.2.5 maximum use temperature—the maximum tempera-
ity, and “heat-sink effect.” The latter is the heat-transfer aspect
ture to which a material can be subjected due to a reasonably
of the material to the mass in intimate contact with it, with
foreseeable malfunction, operator error, or process upset.
respect to both the amount and the physical arrangement of
3.2.6 nonmetallic—any material, other than a metal, or any
each and to their respective physical properties. For instance, a
composite in which the metal is not the most easily ignited
gasket material may have a relatively low ignition temperature
component and for which the individual constituents cannot be
but be extremely resistant to ignition when confined between
evaluated independently.
two steel flanges. The presence of a small amount of an easily
3.2.7 operating pressure—the pressure expected under nor-
ignitable material, such as a hydrocarbon oil or a grease film,
mal operating conditions.
can promote the ignition of the base material. Accordingly,
3.2.8 operating temperature—the temperature expected un-
cleanliness is vital to minimize the risk of ignition (1). See
der normal operating conditions.
also Practice G 93 and Refs. 2–3.
3.2.9 oxygen-enriched—applies to a fluid (gas or liquid)
5.2.2 Factors Affecting Propagation—After a material is
that contains more than 25 mol % oxygen.
ignited, combustion may be sustained or may halt. Among the
3.2.10 qualified technical personnel—persons such as engi-
factors that affect whether fire will continue are the basic
neers and chemists who, by virtue of education, training, or
composition of the material, the pressure, initial temperature,
the geometric state of the matter, and whether the available
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
oxygen will be consumed or the accumulation of combustion
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
products reduce the availability of oxygen sufficiently to stop
Available from British Standards Institute, 2 Park St., London, England, WI A
2B5.
Available from the Compressed Gas Assoc., Inc., 1235 Jefferson Davis Hwy.,
Arlington, VA 22202.
10 11
NationalAeronautics and SpaceAdministration, Office of Safety and Mission The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end
Assurance, Washington, DC. of this standard.
G63
the reaction. Combustion may also be interrupted by the also decrease; therefore, greater latitude may be exercised in
presence of a heat sink. the selection of materials.
5.2.3 Properties and Conditions Affecting Potential Result- 5.4 Ignition Mechanisms—For an ignition to occur, it is
ant Damage—A material’s heat of combustion, its mass, the necessary to have three elements present: oxidizer, fuel, and
oxygen concentration, flow conditions before and after igni- ignition energy. The oxygen environment is obviously the
tion, and the flame propagation characteristics affect the oxidizer, and the material under consideration is the fuel.
potential damage if ignition should occur and should be taken Several potential sources of ignition energy are listed below.
into account in estimating the reaction effect in 7.5. The list is neither all-inclusive nor in order of importance nor
5.3 Operating Conditions—Conditions that affect the suit- in frequency of occurrence.
ability of a material include the other materials of construction 5.4.1 Friction—The rubbing of two solid materials results
and their arrangement in the equipment and pressure, tempera- in the generation of heat. Example: the rub of a centrifugal
ture, concentration, flow, and velocity of the oxygen. Pressure compressor rotor against its casing.
and temperature are generally the most significant, and their 5.4.2 Heat of Compression—Heat is generated from the
effects show up in the estimate of ignition potential (5.4) and conversion of mechanical energy when a gas is compressed
reaction effect (5.5), as explained in Section 7. from a low to a high pressure. This can occur when high-
5.3.1 Pressure—Thepressureisimportant,notonlybecause pressure oxygen is released into a dead-ended tube or pipe,
it generally affects the generation of potential ignition mecha- quickly compressing the residual oxygen that was in the tube
nisms, but also because it usually significantly affects the ahead of it. Example: a downstream valve in a dead-ended
destructive effects if ignition should occur. While generaliza- high-pressure oxygen manifold.
tions are difficult, rough scales would be as given in Table 1. 5.4.2.1 Equation—An equation that can be used to estimate
the theoretical maximum temperature that can be developed
NOTE 3—While the pressure generally affects the reaction as indicated
when pressurizing oxygen rapidly from one pressure and
in Table 1, tests indicate that it has varying effects on individual
temperature to an elevated pressure is as follows:
flammability properties. For example, for many materials, increasing
pressure results in the following:
~n–1!/n
T/T 5 P/P (1)
@ #
f i f i
(1)An increase in propagation rate, with the greatest increase in rate at
lower pressures but with significant increases in rate at high pressures;
where:
(2)Areductioninignitiontemperature,withthegreatestdecreaseatlow
T 5 final temperature, abs,
f
pressure and a smaller rate at high pressure, however, it should be noted
T 5 initial temperature, abs,
i
that increasing autoignition temperatures with increasing pressures have
P 5 final pressure, abs,
f
been reported for selected polymers, due to competing kinetics (4);
P 5 initial pressure, abs, and
i
(3) An increase in sensitivity to mechanical impact;
C
n 5
p
(4) A reduction in oxygen index, as measured in an exploratory study
5 1.40 for oxygen,
C
(5), with sharper initial declines in materials of high oxygen index but v
with only slight relative declines in general above 10 atmospheres and up
where:
to at least 20 atmospheres;
C 5 specific heat at constant pressure, and
p
(5) A negligible change in heat of combustion; and
C 5 specific heat at constant volume.
v
(6)An increase in the likelihood of adiabatic compression ignition, with
Table 2 gives the theoretical temperatures which could be
the greatest likelihood at the highest pressures.
obtained by compressing oxygen from one atmosphere (abso-
In the case of friction, increased pressure may improve heat
lute) and 20°C to the pressures shown.
dissipation and make ignition at constant frictional energy
5.4.3 Heat From Mass Impact—Heat is generated from the
input less likely tha
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