ASTM C1417-19

Standard Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of reinforced concrete sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to equivalent design specification. The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if used; and water. The cementitious material shall be composed of cement, ground graduated blast-furnace; fly ash; allowable combinations of cementitious materials; a combination of Portland cement and ground granulated blast-furnace slag; a combination of Portland cement and fly ash; or a combination of Portland cement, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and fly ash; aggregates; admixtures; air-entraining admixture; chemical admixtures; and steel reinforcement. The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid together to make a continuous line of pipe. The pipe shall conform to the requirements of circumferential reinforcement, longitudinal reinforcement, and joint reinforcement. The specimen shall conform to the specified physical requirements after undertaking the following test procedures: concrete compressive strength testing; acceptance by cylinder tests; and acceptance by core tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner's design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.  
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this specification.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Jul-2019
• ICS: 23.040.50 - Pipes and fittings of other materials
• Technical Committee: C13 - Concrete Pipe
• Drafting Committee: C13.05 - Special Projects

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM C1417-15 - Standard Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM A1064/A1064M-24 - Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM C989/C989M-24 - Standard Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM C497-19a - Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM C655-19a - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 15-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM C76-19a - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM C655-19 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM C150/C150M-19 - Standard Specification for Portland Cement
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM C76-19 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM C497-19 - Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM A1064/A1064M-18 - Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM C655-18 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM C76-18a - Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM C497-18b - Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM C497-18a - Standard Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections, or Tile
• Effective Date: 01-May-2018

Overview

ASTM C1417-19: Standard Specification for Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain, and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design is a comprehensive international standard published by ASTM International. This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance criteria for precast reinforced concrete pipe, including sewer, storm drain, and culvert pipes, tailored to meet specific owner’s design requirements or equivalent design specifications. Emphasis is placed on direct design methodologies in accordance with ASCE 15, ensuring pipes meet structural and performance criteria for modern infrastructure needs.

This standard ensures pipes are manufactured using high-quality cementitious materials, aggregates, steel reinforcement, admixtures, and water, with strict requirements for material compatibility, placement, and testing. It also addresses joint design, physical requirements, product marking, and inspection procedures to support reliability and durability in underground piping systems.

Key Topics

• Material Composition

  • Reinforced concrete must use approved cement types, such as Portland cement, blended cements, blast-furnace slag, and fly ash.
  • Aggregates should meet ASTM standards for quality and gradation.
  • Chemical and air-entraining admixtures can be used to improve workability, cured strength, and durability.
  • Steel reinforcement, including wire, welded wire, and deformed bars, must comply with specific ASTM requirements.

• Reinforcement Detailing

  • Requirements for circumferential and longitudinal reinforcement, including placement, area, and coverage.
  • Joint reinforcement protocols for both gasketed and non-gasketed pipe designs.
  • Welding, splicing, and development of reinforcement are governed by precise acceptance and strength criteria.

• Manufacturing and Acceptance

  • Pipe must be manufactured to precise dimensions, free from major surface defects, with properly formed joints for ease of installation.
  • Concrete compressive strength verified by cylinder and core testing, following ASTM procedures.
  • Acceptance is based on conformance to test results, visual inspection, and proper documentation.

• Dimensional and Quality Tolerances

  • Defined allowable variations for diameter, wall thickness, and length to ensure compatibility in field installations.
  • Repair and rejection protocols provided for pipes with manufacturing or handling defects.

• Marking and Identification

  • Each pipe section must be clearly marked with designation, date, manufacturer, and orientation (where applicable), supporting traceability.

Applications

ASTM C1417-19 is vital for a broad range of infrastructure projects, specifically where durable, reliably-engineered concrete piping is critical for:

• Municipal Sewer Systems: Providing long-term service in wastewater transport networks.
• Stormwater Drainage: Serving as storm drain lines to manage surface runoff and reduce flooding risk.
• Culverts: Allowing water passage beneath roadways, railways, and embankments.
• Infrastructure Upgrades: Enabling design flexibility for rehabilitation or expansion projects requiring direct design approaches.
• Custom Design Projects: Supporting owner-specified requirements with detailed reinforcement and quality control.

By adhering to ASTM C1417-19, engineers and project owners can achieve optimal strength, longevity, and compatibility when installing reinforced concrete sewer and storm drain pipe with customized design parameters.

Related Standards

For comprehensive quality assurance and compatibility, ASTM C1417-19 is used in conjunction with several referenced and related standards:

• ASTM C76: Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• ASTM C655: Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
• ASTM C150/C595/C989/C618/C33: Specifications for cementitious materials and aggregates
• ASTM A615/A706/A1064: Specifications for steel reinforcement in concrete
• ASTM C260/C494/C1017: Specifications for admixtures
• ASTM C497: Test methods for concrete pipe
• ASCE 15: Standard Practice for Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe
• ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete

These standards collectively provide a solid framework for quality, safety, and structural integrity in concrete pipe manufacturing and installation.

Keywords: ASTM C1417, reinforced concrete pipe, sewer pipe specification, storm drain standards, culvert pipe, direct design, concrete pipe manufacturing, ASCE 15, ASTM standards for concrete, infrastructure drainage solutions.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:C1417 −19
Standard Specification for
Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,
and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box
Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and accep-
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
tance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
owner’s design requirements and toASCE 15 or an equivalent
Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
design specification.
C655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification
Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
specification.
Products
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor- C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Concrete and Mortars
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the C1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical C1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
C1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the
Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
2. Referenced Documents
2.2 Other Standards:
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried
A615/A615M SpecificationforDeformedandPlainCarbon- Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Instal-
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement lations (SIDD)
A706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low- ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con-
Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement crete
A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and
3. Terminology
Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for
Concrete
3.1 Definitions:
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see
C76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm
Terminology C822.
Drain, and Sewer Pipe
3.1.2 group of pipe sections, n—each day’s production run
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
of pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specific
C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures
project.
for Concrete
3.1.3 lot of pipe sections, n—total of the number of groups
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for
of pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for a
Concrete
specific project.
3.1.4 running average, n—average concrete compressive
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on strength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concrete
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special
strength produced for a specific project, generally determined
Projects.
as each group is tested.
Current edition approved July 15, 2019. Published July 2019. Originally
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as C1417 – 15. DOI:
10.1520/C1417-19.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
the ASTM website. Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1417−19
4. Basis of Acceptance of Design of Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan con-
stituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly
4.1 Manufacturing Design Data—The manufacturer shall
ash.
submit the following manufacturing design data for the con-
6.2.2 Slag Cement—Slag cement shall conform to the re-
crete pipe to the owner for approval.
quirementsofGrade100or120ofSpecificationC989/C989M.
4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.
6.2.3 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of
4.1.2 Concrete strength.
Specification C618, Class F or Class C.
4.1.3 Reinforcement:
6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—
4.1.3.1 Specification,
Thecombinationofcementitiousmaterialsusedintheconcrete
4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:
shall be one of the following:
Type 1: Smooth wire or plain bars
6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.
Type 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximum
spacing of longitudinals
6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.
Type 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire,
6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.
deformed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups,
anchored thereto 6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,
6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-
4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,
limestone cement and slag cement.
4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,
6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-
4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,
limestone cement and fly ash, or
4.1.3.6 Spacing,
6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-
4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,
limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash, or
4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and
6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and fly
4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup design
ash.
stress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.
4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.
6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to the require-
4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information. ments of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirement
for gradation shall not apply.
4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall be
based on its conformance to the owner’s design requirements
6.4 Admixtures—The following admixtures and blends are
and to ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification. allowable:
6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification
5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe
C260/C260M;
6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification
5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concrete
C494/C494M;
compression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manu-
6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing
facturing design data, conformance to this specification, and
concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and
inspection of manufactured pipe for defects.
6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.
5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and the
manufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of accep- 6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of
tance of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of a wire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/
statement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conforms A1064M; or of bars conforming to Specifications A615/
to the manufacturing design data and to this specification, and A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/A706M, Grade 60. For
that the concrete and materials have been sampled and tested helically wound cages only, weld shear tests are not required.
and conform to this specification.
6.6 Water—Water used in the production of concrete shall
5.3 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements of
acceptance when they conform to the requirements of this Specification C1602/C1602M.
specification.
6.7 Fibers—Syntheticfibersandnonsyntheticfibersshallbe
allowed to be used, at the manufacturer’s option, in concrete
6. Material
pipeasanonstructuralmanufacturingmaterial.Syntheticfibers
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed
consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; andmanufacturedspecificallyforuseinconcreteandconform-
admixtures, if used; and water in which steel has been ing to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall
embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act be accepted.
together.
7. Joints
6.2 Cementitious Material:
6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements 7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete
for portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall be pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid
portland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, together to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with the
or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements permissible variations given in Section 15.
C1417−19
8. Manufacture 10. Welds, Splices, and Development of Circumferential
Reinforcement
8.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded,
10.1 General:
proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious
material,water,andadmixtures,ifany,toproduceathoroughly 10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specific
mixedconcreteofsuchqualitythatthepipewillconformtothe orientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circum-
test and design requirements of this specification. All concrete ferential shall be considered to be at the point of the maximum
shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding flexural stress.
0.53 by weight. Minimum concrete strength shall be 4000 psi. 10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientation
in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shall
8.2 Finish—Pipe shall be substantially free of fractures,
be considered to be at a distance determined by the orientation
large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of the
angle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than the
pipe shall be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, within
marking indicates.
the limits of variations given in Section 15.
10.1.3 Splicesofsmoothanddeformedwireshallbewelded
and shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.
9. Circumferential Reinforcement
10.2 Notation:
9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any given
total area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe with
A = actual steel area of the individual circumferential
wa
wall thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe with
wire, in.
wall thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall not be
A = steel area required for the individual circumferential
wr
separated by more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus
wireforflexure,in. ,eitheratthesplice,forsplices,or
⁄4 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form a
at the point of maximum moment, for quadrant mat
single cage. If the multiple layers of a cage contain circumfer-
reinforcement.
ential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that the
d = diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.
b
splicesarestaggered.Allotherspecificationrequirements,such f' = design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in. .
c
as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe, f = design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in. .
y
L = development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.
and so forth, shall apply to this method of fabricating a line of
d
s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, in.
reinforcement.The design shall be based on the centroid of the
layers.
10.3 Welds:
10.3.1 When splices are welded there shall be a minimum
9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall con-
lap of 2 in. and a weld of sufficient length such that pull test of
form to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal con-
representative specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the
crete cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not be
minimum specified tensile strength of the steel. For butt-
less than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 2 ⁄2 in. or
welded splices in bars or wire, permitted only with helically
greater, and shall not be less than ⁄4 in. in pipe having a wall
wound cages, pull tests of representative specimens shall
thickness of less than 2 ⁄2 in. The location of the reinforcement
developatleast75%oftheminimumspecifiedtensilestrength
shall be subject to the permissible variations in dimensions
of the steel.
given in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protec-
tive covering of the concrete from the inner or outer surface of
10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:
the pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared so
10.4.1 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of
as to extend into the bell or reduced in diameter so as to extend
deformed bars #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lapped
into the spigot.
not less than L , where:
d
9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into the
d f A
b y wr
L 5 (1)
joint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the last d
33 =f' A
c wa
circumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or the
shoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distance or not less than:
exceeds one half of the wall thickness, the pipe wall shall
d f
b y
(2)
contain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimum
66 =f'
c
specified area per linear foot times the laying length of the pipe
section. The minimum cover on the last circumferential near
whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shall
the spigot shoulder shall be ⁄2 in.
meet the requirements of ACI 318.
10.4.2 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of
9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, the
1 welded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wire
minimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be ⁄2 in.
reinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured between
in the bell or ⁄4 in. in the spigot.
the outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall be
9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steel
no less than the spacing of the longitudinals plus 1 in. or L ,
d
shall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, except
where:
when, as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes are
A f
wr y
provided in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manhole
L 5 0.27 (3)
d
tee. s =f'
c
C1417−19
whichever is greater. 11. Stirrup Reinforcement
10.4.3 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed
11.1 The number of lines of stirrups shall be sufficient to
analysis may be made and the following exception to the
include the distance determined by calculation where V is less
u
requirements of 10.4.2 may be applied. If the area of circum-
than V plusthedistance l asdeterminedinSection12.6.4.1of
c θ
ferential reinforcement is at least twice that required for
ASCE 15 or as determined by the requirements of an equiva-
flexure, the first requirement of 10.4.2 shall not apply. The
lent design specification. The required number of lines of
overlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on each
stirrups shall be equally distributed on each side of the point of
side of the splice shall be no less than that required by Eq 3,or
maximum moment.
1 in., whichever is greater.
11.2 Stirrups used to resist radial tension shall be anchored
10.4.4 Alternative splice designs that differ from 10.4 may
around each circumferential of the inside cage.
be submitted to the owner for approval.
10.5 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement: 11.3 When stirrups are not required for radial tension but
required for shear, their longitudinal spacing shall be such that
10.5.1 Circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement shall
they are anchored either at every or every other inside face
consist of welded wire reinforcement with 8-in. maximum
tension circumferential. Such spacing shall not exceed 6 in.
cross wire spacing. When quadrant mat reinforcement is used,
the area of the main cage shall be no less than 25 % of the area
11.4 Stirrups intended to resist forces in the invert and
required at the point of maximum moment. The quadrant mats
crown regions shall be anchored around the inside circumfer-
shall extend at least 45° on each side of the point of maximum
entials and anchored sufficiently in the concrete compression
moment.
zoneontheoppositesideofthepipewalltodevelopthedesign
10.5.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed
strength of the stirrup.
analysis may be made and the requirements of 10.5.3 or 10.5.4
11.5 Anchorageofbothendsofthestirrupshallbesufficient
used instead of 10.5.1.
to develop the factored stress in the stirrup. The maximum
10.5.3 When circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement
factored tensile stress in the stirrup shall be the yield stress or
consists of welded smooth wire reinforcement or welded
the stress that can be developed by anchorage, whichever is
deformed wire reinforcement, the following requirements shall
less.
apply:
10.5.3.1 The outermost longitudinals on each end of the
12. Longitudinal Reinforcement
circumferentials shall be embedded in accordance with the
following requirements: (1) past the point where the quadrant
12.1 Circumferential reinforcement shall be assembled into
reinforcement is no longer required by the orientation angle
a cage containing sufficient longitudinal members to maintain
plus the greater of twelve circumferential wire diameters or
the circumferential reinforcement in correct position within the
three quarters of the wall thickness of the pipe, and (2) past the
pipe.
point of maximum flexural stress by the orientation angle plus
the development length, L , required by Eq 3.
d
13.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1417 − 15 C1417 − 19
Standard Specification for
Manufacture of Reinforced Concrete Sewer, Storm Drain,
and Culvert Pipe for Direct Design
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and acceptance of precast concrete pipe designed to conform to the owner’s
design requirements and to ASCE 15 or an equivalent design specification.
1.2 This specification is the companion to SI Specification C1417M; therefore, no SI equivalents are presented in this
specification.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A706/A706M Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C76 Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C655 Specification for Reinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products
C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
C1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete
C1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
C1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
2.2 Other Standards:
ASCE 15 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Reinforced Concrete Pipe Using Standard Installations
(SIDD)
ACI 318 Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015July 15, 2019. Published October 2015July 2019. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as
ɛ1
C1417 – 14C1417 – 15. . DOI: 10.1520/C1417-15.10.1520/C1417-19.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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3.1.2 group of pipe sections, n—each day’s production run of pipe sections of a single concrete strength for a specific project.
3.1.3 lot of pipe sections, n—total of the number of groups of pipe sections of a single concrete strength produced for a specific
project.
3.1.4 running average, n—average concrete compressive strength of all groups of pipe sections of a single concrete strength
produced for a specific project, generally determined as each group is tested.
4. Basis of Acceptance of Design
4.1 Manufacturing Design Data—The manufacturer shall submit the following manufacturing design data for the concrete pipe
to the owner for approval.
4.1.1 Pipe wall thickness.
4.1.2 Concrete strength.
4.1.3 Reinforcement:
4.1.3.1 Specification,
4.1.3.2 Reinforcement Type 1, 2, or 3, where:
Type 1: Smooth wire or plain bars
Type 2: Welded smooth wire reinforcement, 8 in. maximum
spacing of longitudinals
Type 3: Welded deformed wire reinforcement, deformed wire,
deformed bars, or any reinforcement with stirrups,
anchored thereto
4.1.3.3 Design yield strength,
4.1.3.4 Placement and design concrete cover,
4.1.3.5 Cross-sectional diameters,
4.1.3.6 Spacing,
4.1.3.7 Cross-sectional area,
4.1.3.8 Description of longitudinal members, and
4.1.3.9 If stirrups are used, developable stirrup design stress, stirrup shape, placement, and anchorage details.
4.1.4 Design factors and the assumed orientation angle.
4.1.5 Pipe laying length and joint information.
4.2 Approval of the manufacturing design data shall be based on its conformance to the owner’s design requirements and to
ASCE 15 or to an equivalent design specification.
5. Basis of Acceptance of Concrete Pipe
5.1 Acceptance of pipe shall be on the basis of concrete compression tests, materials tests, conformance to the manufacturing
design data, conformance to this specification, and inspection of manufactured pipe for defects.
5.2 When mutually agreed in writing by the owner and the manufacturer, a certification may be made the basis of acceptance
of the concrete pipe. This certification shall consist of a statement by the manufacturer that the concrete pipe conforms to the
manufacturing design data and to this specification, and that the concrete and materials have been sampled and tested and conform
to this specification.
5.3 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when they conform to the requirements of this
specification.
6. Material
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials; mineral aggregates; admixtures, if
used; and water in which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel and concrete act together.
6.2 Cementitious Material:
6.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall be
portland blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of
Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.
6.2.2 Slag Cement—Slag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.
6.2.3 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.
6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete shall
be one of the following:
6.2.4.1 Portland cement only.
6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only.
6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only.
6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,
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6.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement.
6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash, or
6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, slag cement, and fly ash, or
6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and fly ash.
6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirement for
gradation shall not apply.
6.4 Admixtures—The following admixtures and blends are allowable:
6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;
6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;
6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and
6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.
6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of wire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/A1064M;
or of bars conforming to Specifications A615/A615M, Grade 40 or 60, or A706/A706M, Grade 60. For helically wound cages only,
weld shear tests are not required.
6.6 Water—Water used in the production of concrete shall be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements of
Specification C1602/C1602M.
6.7 Fibers—Synthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturer’s option, in concrete pipe
as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed and
manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall be
accepted.
7. Joints
7.1 The joints shall be designed and the ends of the concrete pipe sections shall be formed so that the sections can be laid
together to make a continuous line of pipe, compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 15.
8. Manufacture
8.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious material,
water, and admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly mixed concrete of such quality that the pipe will conform to the test and
design requirements of this specification. All concrete shall have a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight.
Minimum concrete strength shall be 4000 psi.
8.2 Finish—Pipe shall be substantially free of fractures, large or deep cracks, and surface roughness. The ends of the pipe shall
be normal to walls and center line of the pipe, within the limits of variations given in Section 15.
9. Circumferential Reinforcement
9.1 A line of circumferential reinforcement for any given total area may be composed of up to two layers for pipe with wall
thicknesses of less than 7 in. or three layers for pipe with wall thickness of 7 in. or greater. The layers shall not be separated by
more than the thickness of one longitudinal plus ⁄4 in. The multiple layers shall be fastened together to form a single cage. If the
multiple layers of a cage contain circumferential splices, the individual layers shall be rotated so that the splices are staggered. All
other specification requirements, such as laps, welds, tolerances of placement in the wall of the pipe, and so forth, shall apply to
this method of fabricating a line of reinforcement. The design shall be based on the centroid of the layers.
9.2 Reinforcement placement and concrete cover shall conform to the approved manufacturing data. The nominal concrete
cover over the circumferential reinforcement shall not be less than 1 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of 2 ⁄2 in. or greater, and
3 1
shall not be less than ⁄4 in. in pipe having a wall thickness of less than 2 ⁄2 in. The location of the reinforcement shall be subject
to the permissible variations in dimensions given in Section 15. Requirements for placement and protective covering of the
concrete from the inner or outer surface of the pipe do not apply to that portion of a cage that is flared so as to extend into the
bell or reduced in diameter so as to extend into the spigot.
9.3 Where the wall reinforcement does not extend into the joint area, the maximum longitudinal distance to the last
circumferential from the inside shoulder of the bell or the shoulder of the spigot shall be 3 in., except that if this distance exceeds
one half of the wall thickness, the pipe wall shall contain at least a total reinforcement area of the minimum specified area per linear
foot times the laying length of the pipe section. The minimum cover on the last circumferential near the spigot shoulder shall be
⁄2 in.
9.4 Where reinforcement is in the bell or spigot, the minimum end-cover on the last circumferential shall be ⁄2 in. in the bell
or ⁄4 in. in the spigot.
9.5 The continuity of the circumferential reinforcing steel shall be maintained during the manufacture of the pipe, except when,
as agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes are provided in each pipe or the pipe is converted into a manhole tee.
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10. Welds, Splices, and Development of Circumferential Reinforcement
10.1 General:
10.1.1 When pipe are not marked to show a specific orientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shall
be considered to be at the point of the maximum flexural stress.
10.1.2 When pipe are marked to show a specific orientation in the ground, any weld to, or splice of, a circumferential shall be
considered to be at a distance determined by the orientation angle closer to the point of maximum flexural stress than the marking
indicates.
10.1.3 Splices of smooth and deformed wire shall be welded and shall meet the requirements of 10.3 and 10.4.
10.2 Notation:
A = actual steel area of the individual circumferential wire, in.
wa
A = steel area required for the individual circumferential wire for flexure, in. , either at the splice, for splices, or at the point
wr
of maximum moment, for quadrant mat reinforcement.
d = diameter of reinforcing wire or bar, in.
b
f ' = design compressive strength of concrete, lb/in. .
c
f = design yield strength of reinforcement, lb/in. .
y
L = development length of reinforcing wire or bar, in.
d
s = spacing of wire to be developed or spliced, in.
10.3 Welds:
10.3.1 When splices are welded there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. and a weld of sufficient length such that pull test of
representative specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the minimum specified tensile strength of the steel. For butt-welded splices
in bars or wire, permitted only with helically wound cages, pull tests of representative specimens shall develop at least 75 % of
the minimum specified tensile strength of the steel.
10.4 Lapped Splices of Circumferential Reinforcement:
10.4.1 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of deformed bars #6 or less are not welded, they shall be lapped not less
than L , where:
d
d f A
b y wr
L 5 (1)
d
=
33 f ' A
c wa
or not less than:
d f
b y
(2)
=
66 f '
c
whichever is greater. Splices of larger than #6 bars shall meet the requirements of ACI 318.
10.4.2 If lapped splices of circumferentials consisting of welded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed wire
reinforcement are not welded, the overlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall be no less
than the spacing of the longitudinals plus 1 in. or L , where:
d
A f
wr y
L 5 0.27 (3)
d
s =f '
c
whichever is greater.
10.4.3 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed analysis may be made and the following exception to the requirements
of 10.4.2 may be applied. If the area of circumferential reinforcement is at least twice that required for flexure, the first requirement
of 10.4.2 shall not apply. The overlap measured between the outermost longitudinals on each side of the splice shall be no less
than that required by Eq 3, or 1 in., whichever is greater.
10.4.4 Alternative splice designs that differ from 10.4 may be submitted to the owner for approval.
10.5 Development of Quadrant Mat Reinforcement:
10.5.1 Circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement with 8-in. maximum cross wire
spacing. When quadrant mat reinforcement is used, the area of the main cage shall be no less than 25 % of the area required at
the point of maximum moment. The quadrant mats shall extend at least 45° on each side of the point of maximum moment.
10.5.2 At the option of the manufacturer, a more detailed analysis may be made and the requirements of 10.5.3 or 10.5.4 used
instead of 10.5.1.
10.5.3 When circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement consists of welded smooth wire reinforcement or welded deformed
wire reinforcement, the following requirements shall apply:
10.5.3.1 The outermost longitudinals on each end of the circumferentials shall be embedded in accordance with the following
requirements: (1) past the point where the quadrant reinforcement is no longer required by the orientation angle plus the greater
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of twelve circumferential wire diameters or three quarters of the wall thickness of the pipe, and (2) past the point of maximum
flexural stress by the orientation angle plus the development length, L , required by Eq 3.
d
10.5.3.2 The mat shall contain no less than two longitudinals at a distance 1 in. greater than that determined by the orientation
angle from either side of the point requiring the maximum flexural reinforcement.
10.5.3.3 The point of embedment of the outermost longitudinals of the mat shall be at least a distance determined by the
orientation angle past the point where the continuing reinforcement is no less than double the area required for flexure.
10.5.4 When circumferential quadrant mat reinforcement consists of #6 or less deformed bars, the following requirements shall
apply:
10.5.4.1 Circumferentials shall extend past the point where they are no longer required by the orientation angle plus the greater
of twelve wire diameters or three quarters of the wall thickness of the pipe.
10.5.4.2 Circumferentials shall extend either side of the point of maximum flexural stress not less than the orientation angle plus
the development length, L , required by Eq 1.
d
10.5.4.3 Circumferentials shall extend at least a distance determined by the orientation angle past the point where the continuing
reinforcement is no less than double the area required for flexure.
10.5.4.4 Development of larger than #6 bars shall meet the requirements of ACI 318.
11. Stirrup Reinforcement
11.1 The number of lines of stirrups shall be sufficient to include the distance determined by calculation where V is less than
u
V plus the distance l as determined in Section 12.
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