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ASTM C1857/C1857M-19

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Mortar

Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Mortar

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When the test is performed on the repair or overlay material, the result is the bond strength to the concrete panel or the tensile strength of either the overlay or concrete panel, whichever is weaker.  
5.2 The measured strength is controlled by the failure mechanism requiring the least stress. Thus, it is not possible to know beforehand which strength will be measured by the test. For this reason, the failure mode has to be reported for each individual test result, and tests results are averaged only if the same failure mode occurs. Alternatively, one can infer that the bond strength is greater than the failure stress if the bond does not fail during the test.  
5.3 The method may also be used to evaluate the performance of bonding agents.  
5.4 This test method is designed to evaluate bond strengths in the laboratory and to standardize conditions that permit comparison of results between laboratories. It is not intended to determine bond strength for field applications as results obtained are only applicable to the standard substrate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is suitable for laboratory use to determine one or more of the following:  
1.1.1 The bond strength of a repair or an overlay material to a specific concrete substrate.  
1.1.2 The tensile strength of a repair or overlay material after the material has been applied to the concrete substrate.  
1.1.3 The change in bond strength when applying a bonding agent or other bond modifying treatment to the concrete substrate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.2.1 If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this test method, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.2  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.)3  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2019
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.25 - Organic Materials for Bonding
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM C900-14 - Standard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM C1107/C1107M-14a - Standard Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2014
Refers
ASTM C125-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Feb-2015
Refers
ASTM C125-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM C125-15b - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
15-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM C125-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Refers
ASTM C125-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Jan-2018
Refers
ASTM C125-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM C125-18b - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Refers
ASTM C125-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
15-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM C900-15 - Standard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-May-2015
Refers
ASTM C900-19 - Standard Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM C125-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Jan-2019
Refers
ASTM C1107/C1107M-17 - Standard Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2017
Refers
ASTM C1107/C1107M-20 - Standard Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
Effective Date
01-Feb-2020
Refers
ASTM C1583/C1583M-20 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct Tension (Pull-off Method)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Refers
ASTM C881/C881M-15 - Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete
Effective Date
15-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM C125-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
01-Aug-2014
Refers
ASTM C1107/C1107M-14 - Standard Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014
Refers
ASTM C881/C881M-14 - Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete
Effective Date
15-Nov-2014
Refers
ASTM E4-14 - Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
Effective Date
01-Jun-2014
Refers
ASTM C305-20 - Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
Effective Date
15-Jul-2020

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ASTM C1857/C1857M-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay MortarASTM C1857/C1857M-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Mortar
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ASTM C1857/C1857M-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Mortar
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1857/C1857M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating the Adhesion (Pull-Off) Strength of Concrete
1
Repair and Overlay Mortar
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1857/C1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method is suitable for laboratory use to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
determine one or more of the following:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1.1 The bond strength of a repair or an overlay material to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
a specific concrete substrate.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1.2 The tensile strength of a repair or overlay material
after the material has been applied to the concrete substrate.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.3 The change in bond strength when applying a bonding
4
agent or other bond modifying treatment to the concrete
2.1 ASTM Standards:
substrate.
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in C191 TestMethodsforTimeofSettingofHydraulicCement
by Vicat Needle
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be C305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined. Some values have only SI units C702/C702M Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate
to Testing Size
because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.
1.2.1 If required results obtained from another standard are C881/C881M Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding
not reported in the same system of units as used by this test
Systems for Concrete
method, it is permitted to convert those results using the C900 Test Method for Pullout Strength of Hardened Con-
2
conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide. crete
C1107/C1107M Specification for Packaged Dry, Hydraulic-
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes
Cement Grout (Nonshrink)
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
C1583/C1583M Test Method for Tensile Strength of Con-
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
crete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength
as requirements of this test method.
of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Tension (Pull-off Method)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Measuring Instruments
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5
2.2 ISO Standards:
(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic
ISO 13007-2 CeramicTiles - GroutsAndAdhesives - Part 2:
and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon
3
Test Methods For Adhesives
prolonged exposure.)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
4
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
C09.25 on Organic Materials for Bonding. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published March 2020. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1857_C1857M-19. the ASTM website.
2 5
Annex A in Form and Style for ASTM Standards, www.astm.org. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
3
Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 4.02. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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C1
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of change in height of cylindrical specimens from the time of molding until the mixture is hard.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and mortars. Concrete mixtures covered by this specification includes high-early strength concrete, normal strength concrete, normal weight concrete, high-strength mortar, and mortars for unit masonry. The purchaser shall specify the material desired as concrete, high strength mortar, or mortar for use with unit masonry, and the respective physical requirements. Materials used as ingredients in packaged, dry, combined materials for mortar and concrete shall be composed of aggregates, air-entraining admixtures, blended cement, chemical admixtures, fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, hydrated lime, latex and powder polymer modifiers, masonry cement, mortar cement, Portland cement, and silica fume. All aggregates shall be dried, without disintegration, to specific moisture content The proportions of cementitious material and aggregate shall be such that the strength requirements will be met. Packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete, high strength mortar and mortar for use with unit masonry shall conform to the respective compressive strength requirements. Scales conforming to the standards will be used for sampling concretes from a single batch using a sufficient quantity. A slump test will be performed to check if additional water is required. In sampling mortar, the contents of an entire package of dry, combined material for mortar for unit masonry or for concrete mortar shall be used. Mortar mixing equipment, which must be provided with a bowl positioning adapter, shall be used to ensure clearance for the largest size aggregate in the mix being tested. The specification includes the following testing methods for mortar: compressive strength, density and yield, air content, and water retention.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and high strength mortar. The classifications of concrete and mortar covered are defined in Section 3.
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5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
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1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
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Standard Guide for Comparing Performance of Concrete-Making Materials Using Mortar Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
4.2 While there are a number of ways to proportion and mix mortar mixtures, three procedures described in this guide have been used extensively for evaluating the performance of admixtures. Method A enables evaluation of materials using mixture proportions that correspond to specific job conditions. Method B can be used as a general mixture using fixed amounts of a standard sand, cement, and supplementary cementitious materials. Method C is a modified version of Test Method C359 to evaluate the impact of chemical admixtures on the early stiffening of a mortar prepared with specified amounts of job cement, a standard sand, and an amount of water that will produce a mortar with a specified initial penetration measured in accordance with Test Method C359. The measurements of penetration over time can be related to the early stiffening processes associated with false and flash set. Methods A and B would be most applicable for investigating material incompatibility issues associated with ready mixed concrete, while Method C would be applicable for concrete mixed for a short period of time in stationary mixers and transported to the forms in non-agitating equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information on how to compare the relative performance and potential incompatibility of combinations of concrete-making materials. Performance tests on fresh and early-age properties of mortar mixtures can be useful indicators of concrete performance using similar materials. The performance tests described in this guide include mortar-slump, mortar spread, mortar-workability retention, early stiffening of mortar, time of setting, air entrainment, and hydration kinetics.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with this guide. Some values only have SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in guide.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
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ASTM C1260-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates (Mortar-Bar Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a means of detecting the potential of an aggregate intended for use in concrete for undergoing alkali-silica reaction resulting in potentially deleterious internal expansion. It is based on the NBRI Accelerated Test Method (1-4).3 It is especially useful for aggregates that react slowly or produce expansion late in the reaction. However, it does not evaluate combinations of aggregates with cementitious materials nor are the test conditions representative of those encountered by concrete in service.  
4.2 Because the specimens are exposed to a NaOH solution, the alkali content of the cement is not a significant factor in affecting expansions.  
4.3 Results of tests conducted on an aggregate as described herein should form a part of the basis for a decision as to whether precautions should be taken against excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction. Refer to Guide C1778 for the interpretation of the test results from Test Method C1260.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method permits detection, within 16 days, of the potential for deleterious alkali-silica reaction of aggregate in mortar bars.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. When this test method refers to combined-unit standards, the selection of the measurement systems is at the user’s discretion.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in the section on Reagents.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1709-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluation of Alternative Supplementary Cementitious Materials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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