ASTM C1556-22

Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is applicable to cementitious mixtures that have not been exposed to external chloride ions, other than the negligible quantity of chloride ion exposure from sample preparation using potable water, prior to the test.  
5.2 The calculation procedure described in this test method is applicable only to laboratory test specimens exposed to a sodium chloride solution as described in this test method. This calculation procedure is not applicable to specimens exposed to chloride ions during cyclic wetting and drying.
Note 1: The diffusion of ionic species in concrete occurs within the fluid-filled pores, cracks and void spaces. The concentration and valence of other ionic species in the pore fluid also influence the rate of chloride diffusion, and therefore, the apparent diffusion coefficient as determined by this test procedure.  
5.3 In most cases, the value of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures changes over time (see Note 2). Therefore, apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at early ages may not be representative of performance in service.
Note 2: The rate of change of the apparent diffusion coefficient for cementitious mixtures containing pozzolans or blast-furnace slag is typically different than that for mixtures containing only portland cement.  
5.4 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is used in Fick's second law of diffusion to estimate chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures that are in a saturated condition.  
5.5 The apparent chloride diffusion coefficient is commonly used in chloride ingress models based on Fick's second law of diffusion. The apparent diffusion coefficient determined by this method includes bound chloride, so proper use of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient to predict chloride ingress requires consideration of chloride binding.  
5.6 The resistance to chloride penetration is affected by such factors as the environment, finishing, mixture composition, w...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 71.060.99 - Other inorganic chemicals
• Technical Committee: C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
• Drafting Committee: C09.66 - Concrete's Resistance to Fluid Penetration

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1556 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of
1
Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1556; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Mortar and Concrete
C1202Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration
theapparentchloridediffusioncoefficientforhardenedcemen-
2.2 NORDTEST Standards:
titious mixtures.
NT BUILD 443Approved 1995-11, Concrete, Hardened:
3
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Accelerated Chloride Penetration (in English)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to Terminology C125.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.1 apparent chloride diffusion coeffıcient, D,n—a chlo-
a
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
ride transport parameter calculated from acid-soluble chloride
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
profile data obtained from saturated specimens exposed to
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
chloridesolutions,withoutcorrectionforchloridebinding,that
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
provides an indication of the ease of chloride penetration into
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
cementitious mixtures.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.2 chloride binding, v—the chemical process by which
chloride ion is removed from solution and incorporated into
2. Referenced Documents
cementitious binder hydration products.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Chloride binding is primarily associ-
C31/C31MPractice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
ated with hydration products formed by the aluminate phase of
Specimens in the Field
cement and mixtures containing ground granulated blast fur-
C42/C42MTest Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
nace slag.
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
3.2.3 chloride penetration, v—the ingress of chloride ions
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
due to exposure to external sources.
gregates
C192/C192MPractice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest 3.2.4 exposure liquid, n—the sodium chloride solution in
Specimens in the Laboratory which test specimens are stored prior to obtaining a chloride
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements profile.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
3.2.5 exposure time, n—the time that the test specimen is
C1152/C1152MTest Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in
stored in the solution containing chloride ion.
3.2.6 initial chloride-ion content, C ,n—the ratio of the
i
1 massofchlorideiontothemassofconcreteforatestspecimen
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and ConcreteAggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee that has not been exposed to external chloride sources.
C09.66 on Concrete’s Resistance to Fluid Penetration.
3.2.7 profile grinding, v—the process of grinding off and
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally
collectingapowdersampleinthinsuccessivelayersfromatest
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1556 – 11a(2016).
DOI: 10.1520/C1556-22.
specimen using a dry process.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Published by NORDTEST, P.O. Box 116 FIN-02151 ESPOO Finland, Project
the ASTM website. 1154-94, e-mail: nordtest @vtt.fi, website: http://www.vtt.fi/nordtest
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1556 − 22
3.2.8 surface chl
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1556 − 11a (Reapproved 2016) C1556 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of
1
Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1556; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient for hardened cementitious
mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C1152/C1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
C1202 Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration
2.2 NORDTEST Standards:
3
NT BUILD 443 Approved 1995-11, Concrete, Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration (in English)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.66 on
Concrete’s Resistance to Fluid Penetration.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2022. Published May 2016November 2022. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
C1556 – 11a.11a(2016). DOI: 10.1520/C1556-11AR16.10.1520/C1556-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Published by NORDTEST, P.O. Box 116 FIN-02151 ESPOO Finland, Project 1154-94, e-mail: nordtest @vtt.fi, website: http://www.vtt.fi/nordtest
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1556 − 22
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 apparent chloride diffusion coeffıcient, D ,n—a chloride transport parameter calculated from acid-soluble chloride profile
a
data obtained from saturated specimens exposed to chloride solutions, without correction for chloride binding, that provides an
indication of the ease of chloride penetration into cementitious mixtures.
3.2.2 chloride binding, v—the chemical process by which chloride ion is removed from solution and incorporated into
cementitious binder hydration products.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Chloride binding is primarily associated with hydration products formed by the aluminate phase of cement and mixtures containing
ground granulated blast furnace slag.
3.2.3 chloride penetration, v—the ingress of chloride ions due to exposure to external sources.
3.2.4 exposure liquid, n—the sodium chloride solution in which test specimens are stored prior to obtaining a chloride profile.
3.2.5 exposure time, n—the time that the test specimen is stored in the solution containing chloride ion.
3.2.6 initial chloride-ion content, C ,n—the ratio of the mass of chloride ion to the mass of concrete
...