ASTM F2648/F2648M-23

Standard Specification for 50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.] Annular Corrugated Profile Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Land Drainage Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the general requirements and corresponding test methods for non-pressure (gravity flow) polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings having interior liner with annular corrugated exterior wall profile, and whose inside diameters are 2 to 60 in. [50 to 1500 mm]. These pipes and fittings are suitable for underground use in subsurface and land drainage systems, which do not operate under surcharge pressure heads. Material requirements are specified for pipe and blow molded fittings, rotationally molded fittings and couplings, injection molded fittings and couplings, and rework materials. The resulting products shall be tested as appropriate, and shall conform to specified requirements for workmanship, dimension (inside diameter, length, minimum inner liner thickness, and perforations), stiffness, flattening resistance, impact resistance, and slow crack growth resistance of PE plastics without pigment.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for annular corrugated profile wall polyethylene pipe and fittings with an interior liner. The inside diameters covered are 50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.].  
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to provide non-pressure (gravity flow) pipe and fittings for underground use for subsurface and land drainage systems, which do not operate under surcharge pressure heads.
Note 1: Pipe and fittings produced in accordance with this specification are be installed in compliance with Practice D2321 or Practice F449 based on diameter limitations within the respective standards.
Note 2: Subsurface and land drainage systems pertain principally to non-municipal or private facilities for water table control, storm drainage and agricultural drainage applications. The products supplied under this specification are not intended for any sanitary sewer or municipal storm sewer applications.  
1.3 This specification covers pipe and fittings with an interior liner using an annular exterior corrugated profile (Fig. 1).  
1.4 This specification permits the use of recycled materials for pipe in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2023
• ICS: 65.060.35 - Irrigation and drainage equipment
• Technical Committee: F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
• Drafting Committee: F17.65 - Land Drainage

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F2136-18(2024) - Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM F412-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM D2321-20 - Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM F449-20 - Standard Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table Control
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2020
• Refers: ASTM D4218-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2020
• Refers: ASTM F412-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D7399-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of the Amount of Polypropylene in Polypropylene/Low Density Polyethylene Mixtures Using Infrared Spectrophotometry
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM D2321-18 - Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM F2136-18 - Standard Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1600-18 - Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics (Withdrawn 2024)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM D2444-17 - Standard Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-17a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-16a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM F412-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016

Overview

ASTM F2648/F2648M-23 is a standard specification developed by ASTM International, detailing the requirements for annular corrugated profile wall polyethylene (PE) pipes and fittings, ranging from 50 mm to 1500 mm (2 in. to 60 in.) in inside diameter. This specification is intended for non-pressure (gravity flow) underground applications, specifically in subsurface and land drainage systems. It encompasses both virgin and recycled PE materials, with strict guidelines and test methods aimed at ensuring reliable performance, safety, and quality of pipes and fittings for land drainage.

Key Topics

• Product Scope: Covers PE pipes and fittings with an interior liner and annular corrugated exterior wall profile, intended exclusively for non-pressure, gravity-flow drainage.
• Size Range: Suitable for pipes and fittings with inside diameters from 50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.].
• Material Requirements:
  • Virgin and recycled PE resins permitted under defined cell classifications.
  • Specific limits on carbon black and graphitic material content.
  • Use of rework materials generated from a manufacturer's own production is allowed, ensuring consistent product quality.
• Mechanical Performance:
  • Stiffness and strength requirements, including minimum pipe stiffness and impact resistance.
  • Requirements for slow crack growth resistance and flattening.
• Product Quality and Inspection:
  • Requirements for workmanship, homogeneity, and absence of visible defects.
  • Rigorous marking, packaging, and certification processes.
• Installation Practices:
  • Installation must comply with ASTM Practice D2321 or F449, depending on pipe diameter.
  • Joint integrity and soil tightness considerations for underground installations.

Applications

Annular corrugated PE pipe systems defined in ASTM F2648/F2648M-23 are primarily used for:

• Subsurface Drainage: Water table control, foundation drainage, and soil stabilization in civil engineering, construction, and commercial landscaping.
• Land Drainage: Agricultural field drainage, golf courses, sports fields, and private stormwater management systems.
• Stormwater Control: Non-municipal or private sites requiring efficient gravity drainage of excess rainfall and surface water.

These products are not intended or approved for use in municipal sanitary or storm sewer systems. Their design and specification meet the needs of non-municipal infrastructure, including farms, industrial properties, highways, and private developments.

Related Standards

Understanding and using ASTM F2648/F2648M-23 is best supported by familiarity with several other standards:

• ASTM D2321: Standard Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications.
• ASTM F449: Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table Control.
• ASTM D3350: Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials.
• ASTM D2412: Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading.
• ISO 9969: Thermoplastics pipes - Determination of ring stiffness (for SN class).
• CSA B181.0: Definitions, general requirements, and methods of testing for thermoplastic nonpressure piping.
• NCHRP Report 631: Updated Test and Design Methods for Thermoplastic Drainage Pipe.

Practical Value

ASTM F2648/F2648M-23 provides manufacturers, engineers, and contractors with a clearly defined framework for producing and selecting high-performance, annular corrugated PE pipes and fittings for drainage. Adherence ensures:

• Products consistently meet durability and hydraulic capacity needs.
• Compatibility across installations through standardized marking and dimensional requirements.
• Environmental and regulatory compliance in use of recycled materials.
• Confidence in long-term performance for critical land and subsurface drainage applications.

By specifying ASTM F2648/F2648M-23-compliant products, stakeholders ensure reliable water management while maintaining industry-recognized quality and safety standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2648/F2648M − 23
Standard Specification for
50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.] Annular Corrugated
Profile Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Land
Drainage Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2648/F2648M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
for annular corrugated profile wall polyethylene pipe and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fittings with an interior liner. The inside diameters covered are
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.].
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to
2. Referenced Documents
provide non-pressure (gravity flow) pipe and fittings for
underground use for subsurface and land drainage systems,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
which do not operate under surcharge pressure heads.
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
NOTE 1—Pipe and fittings produced in accordance with this specifica-
tion are be installed in compliance with Practice D2321 or Practice F449 tics
based on diameter limitations within the respective standards.
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
NOTE 2—Subsurface and land drainage systems pertain principally to
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
non-municipal or private facilities for water table control, storm drainage
D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplas-
and agricultural drainage applications. The products supplied under this
tic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
specification are not intended for any sanitary sewer or municipal storm
sewer applications. D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
1.3 This specification covers pipe and fittings with an
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance
interior liner using an annular exterior corrugated profile (Fig.
of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup
1).
(Falling Weight)
1.4 This specification permits the use of recycled materials
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-
for pipe in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.
tings Materials
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
D4218 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
Furnace Technique
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each D5630 Test Method for Ash Content in Plastics
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
D7399 Test Method for Determination of the Amount of
from the two systems shall not be combined. Polypropylene in Polypropylene/Low Density Polyethyl-
ene Mixtures Using Infrared Spectrophotometry
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
F449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Table Control
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress
(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-
tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land
Drainage. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as F2648/F2648M – 22. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F2648_F2648M-23. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2648/F2648M − 23
FIG. 1 Annular Corrugated Profile Wall Polyethylene Pipe with Interior Liner
A
TABLE 1 Pipe Dimensions and Stiffness
NID Minimum Inside Diameter Minimum Liner Thickness Minimum Pipe Stiffness Minimum
at 5% Deflection SN Class
Metric Series US mm in. mm in. kPa lb/in./in. [SN]
Customary
Series
50 2 48 1.90 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
75 3 75 2.97 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
100 4 95 3.74 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
150 6 145 5.71 0.5 0.020 345 50 6
200 8 195 7.68 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
225 9 220 8.66 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
250 10 245 9.65 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
300 12 295 11.61 0.9 0.035 345 50 6
375 15 369 14.54 1.0 0.040 290 42 6
400 16 392 15.43 1.1 0.045 283 41 4
450 18 443 17.45 1.3 0.051 275 40 4
500 20 490 19.29 1.4 0.055 265 39 4
525 21 517 20.36 1.5 0.060 260 38 4
600 24 588 23.15 1.5 0.060 235 34 4
675 27 665 26.18 1.5 0.060 205 30 4
750 30 739 29.08 1.5 0.060 195 28 4
800 32 785 30.91 1.6 0.063 180 26 4
900 36 886 34.90 1.7 0.067 150 22 4
1000 39 985 38.79 1.8 0.070 141 21 2
1050 42 1034 40.72 1.8 0.071 140 20 2
1200 48 1182 46.54 1.8 0.071 125 18 2
1350 54 1330 52.36 2.0 0.079 110 16 2
1500 60 1478 58.17 2.0 0.079 95 14 2
A
Inside Diameters for metric (SI) sizes are in direct Imperial equivalent dimensions
2.2 AASHTO (American Association of Highway and Trans- 2.5 ISO Standard:
portation Offıcials) Standard: ISO 15270 Guidelines for Recovery and Recycling of Plastic
(AASHTO) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications Waste
ISO 9969 Thermoplastics pipes —Determination of ring
2.3 CSA Standards:
stiffness
B181.0 Definitions, general requirements, and methods of
testing for thermoplastic nonpressure piping
3. Terminology
2.4 NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Pro-
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412
gram) Report:
and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,
NCHRP Report 631 Updated Test and Design Methods for
unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for polyethylene
Thermoplastic Drainage Pipe
is PE.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation 3.2.1 buckling, v—Any reverse curvature or deformation in
Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the pipe wall or profile element that reduces the load-carrying
http://www.transportation.org.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Transportation Research Board, The National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Washington, DC 20001. http://www.TRB.org. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
F2648/F2648M − 23
capacity of the pipe. For testing evaluations in this standard, exceed 4.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method
buckling is defined as the buckling deflection limit, the point D4218. When graphitic material is used, the carbon content in
where the pipe no longer sustains increasing or constant load the pipe shall be 1.0 % to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with
with increasing deflection. Test Method D4218. When carbon black and graphitic material
are used in combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be
3.2.2 inside diameter, n—The manufacturer’s stated pipe
2.0 % to 4.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method
inside diameter (Table 1).
D4218.
3.2.3 graphitic material, n—a non-oxidized, highly crystal-
5.1.1.4 In all cases, the density of the PE plastic without
line carbon nanosheet substance with predominant thickness of
pigment shall not be less than 0.945 g ⁄cm nor greater than
6-10 atomic layers (See CSA B181.0 Clause 4.5).
0.955 g ⁄cm . For pipe containing carbon black, or graphitic
3.2.4 mold line, n—A line formed on the product as a result
material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and calculate the
of the mold blocks parting during manufacturing, also referred
resin density, Dr, as follows:
to as a parting line.
Dr 5 Dp 2 0.0044C (1)
3.2.5 profile wall, n—A pipe wall construction that presents
where:
an interior liner in the waterway but includes exterior ribs,
corrugations, or other shapes, which can be either solid or C = weight percent of carbon black, graphitic materials or
hollow, that help brace the pipe against diametrical deforma-
both.
tion.
Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or
3.2.6 NID, n—numerical designation, which is approxi-
more properties shall be permitted provided all other product
mately equal to the nominal inside diameter by which a pipe or
requirements are met.
fitting is defined.
5.1.2 Rotationally Molded Fittings and Couplings—
Compounds used in the manufacture of rotationally molded
3.2.7 SN, n—numerical designation of the ring stiffness of
fittings and couplings shall be made of virgin PE plastic
the pipe or fitting, determined according to ISO 9969, which is
compound meeting the requirements of cell classification
a convenient round number, indicating the minimum required
213320C or 213320E (ESCR Test Condition B) as defined in
ring stiffness of the pipe or stiffness of the fitting.
Specification D3350, except that the carbon black content shall
4. Ordering Information
be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not exceed 4 % when
tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. When graphitic
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification should
material is used, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 1.0 %
include the following information to adequately describe the
to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
desired product:
When carbon black and graphitic material are used in
4.1.1 This ASTM designation,
combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 %
4.1.2 Perforations:
when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
5.1.2.1 For black compounds, containing carbon black, or
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
graphitic material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and
4.1.3 Diameters,
calculate the resin density, Dr per Eq 1. Compounds that have
4.1.4 Total footage of each pipe diameter involved,
a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be
4.1.5 Pipe length,
permitted provided all other product requirements are met.
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and 5.1.3 Injection and Blow Molded Fittings and Couplings—
branch diameters, and Compounds used in the manufacture of injection molded
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter, fittings and couplings shall be made of virgin PE plastic
compound meeting the requirements of cell classification
4.1.7 Material designation,
4.1.7.1 Virgin resin, and 414420C or 414420E (ESCR Test Condition B) as defined in
Specification D3350, except that the carbon black content shall
4.1.7.2 Recycled resin.
be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not exceed 4 % when
5. Materials and Manufacture
tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. When graphitic
material is used, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 1.0 %
5.1 Virgin Resin Products:
to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
5.1.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made
When carbon black and graphitic material are used in
of PE virgin plastic compound meeting the requirements of the
combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 %
following cell classifications as defined and described in
when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
Specification D3350:
5.1.3.1 For black compounds, containing carbon black, or
5.1.1.1 Pipe Diameter < 300 mm [<12 in.]: Cell Class
graphitic material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and
424420C or 424420E (ESCR Test Condition B),
calculate the resin density, Dr per Eq 1. Compounds that have
5.1.1.2 Pipe Diameter ≥ 300 mm [≥12 in.]: Cell Class
a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be
435420C or 435420E (ESCR Test Condition B).
permitted provided all other product requirements are met.
5.1.1.3 Environmental crack resistance shall be determined
in accordance with 7.9. When carbon black is used, the carbon 5.1.4 Rework Material—Clean rework material generated
black content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not from the manufacturer’s own pipe and fittings production shall
F2648/F2648M − 23
NOTE 3—The minimum inside diameter is the smallest diameter the
be permitted to be used by the same manufacturer provided that
pipe can be and is used for the hydraulic design of the pipe.
the material meets the same or higher Specification D3350 cell
NOTE 4—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products
classification as the material required for the intended part and
manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-
pipe or fittings to be produced under this specification.
ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same
manufacturer shall be verified.
5.2 Recycled Resin Products:
5.2.1 Recycled Resin Pipe—The pipe containing any post- 6.2.3 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length
consumer or industrial recycled materials shall be made of PE agreeable to both the owner and manufacturer. Length shall not
plastic compound as defined in ISO 15720 meeting the be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in
requirements of the following cell classifications as defined and accordance with 7.4.2.
described in Specification D3350:
6.2.4 Minimum Inner Liner Thickness—The minimum inner
5.2.1.1 Pipe Diameter < 300 mm [≤12 in.]: Cell Class
liner thickness of the pipe shall meet the requirements given in
424400C or 424400E, Table 1 when measured in accordance with 7.4.3.
5.2.1.2 Pipe Diameter ≥ 300 mm [≥12 in.]: Cell Class
6.2.5 Perforations—Circular perforations or slots shall be
435400C or 435400E.
cleanly cut, placed in the valley of the corrugation rib, and
5.2.1.3 When carbon black is used, the carbon black content
uniformly spaced along the length and circumference of the
shall be equal to or greater than 2 % but not exceed 4 % when pipe. Dimensions of the perforations and the minimum perfo-
tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. When graphitic
ration inlet area shall be as listed in Table 2. Other perforation
material is used, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 1.0 % dimensions and configurations shall be permitted where re-
to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
quired to meet the needs of the specifier. All measurements
When carbon black and graphitic material are used in shall be made in accordance with 7.4.4. Pipe connected by bell
combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 %
and spigot joints shall not be perforated in the area of the bells
when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. and spigots.
5.2.1.4 For black compounds, containing carbon black, or
6.3 Pipe Stiffness:
graphitic material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and
6.3.1 Minimum pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection shall meet
calculate the resin density, Dr per Eq 1. Compounds that have
the requirements given in Table 1 when tested in accordance
a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be
with 7.5.
permitted provided all other product requirements are met. For
slow crack growth resistance, extruded pipe shall be evaluated
NOTE 5—The 5 % deflection criterion, which was selected for testing
convenience, is not a limitation with respect to in-use deflection. The
using the notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test accord-
engineer is responsible for establishing the acceptable in-use deflection
ing to the procedure described in 7.10. The average failure time
limit.
of the five test specimens shall exceed 12 h with no single test
6.3.2 Optionally, and in addition to the minimum pipe
specimen’s failure time less than 9 h. Maximum level of
stiffness at 5 % deflection, where required, the minimum SN
polypropylene present by volume shall not be greater than 5
(Nominal Ring Stiffness) class shall meet the requirements
percent when tested in accordance with the procedures in 7.11.
given in Table 1 when tested in accordance with 7.6.
Maximum ash content shall not be more than 2 % in accor-
dance with the procedures in 7.12.
6.4 Pipe Flattening—There shall be no evidence of
5.2.2 Recycled Resin Fittings—Fittings made from recycled
splitting, cracking, breaking, separation of seams, separation
resins are not permitted under this standard.
between the exterior corrugation and inner liner, or combina-
tions thereof, when tested in accordance with 7.7.
6. General Requirements
6.5 Pipe Impact Strength—There shall be no evidence of
6.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homoge-
splitting, cracking, breaking, separation of seams, separation of
neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical
the outer and inner wall, or combinations thereof, when tested
in color, opacity and density. The pipe walls shall be free of
in accordance with 7.8.
cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other
6.6 Fittings and Joining Systems:
defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the
6.6.1 Only fittings supplied or recommended by the pipe
wall integrity. There shall be no delamination or separation of
manufacturer shall be used. Fittings shall be installed in
the inner liner and the profile. The ends shall be cut squarely
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
and cleanly. Holes intentionally placed in perforated pipe shall
be permitted. 6.6.2 The joining system(s) shall be of a design that
preserves alignment during construction and prevents separa-
6.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to
tion at the joints. Bell and spigot, external snap or split couplers
flow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.
are examples of typical designs.
6.2 Dimensions:
6.2.1 NID—The nominal size for the pipe and fittings shall NOTE 6—The ability of a joint to resist soil infiltration (soil tightness)
shall be considered. Soil tightness is a function of opening size, channel
be the NID value listed in Table 1.
length, and backfill particle size. A backfill material containing a high
6.2.2 Minimum Inside Diameter—The manufacturer’s stated
percentage of Class III and Class IVA material as defined in Practice
minimum inside diameter shall be as shown in Table 1 when
D2321 requires consulting with the manufacturer for the specific type of
measur
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2648/F2648M − 22 F2648/F2648M − 23
Standard Specification for
50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.] Annular Corrugated
Profile Wall Polyethylene (PE) Pipe and Fittings for Land
Drainage Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2648/F2648M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for annular corrugated profile wall polyethylene pipe and fittings with
an interior liner. The inside diameters covered are 50 mm to 1500 mm [2 in. to 60 in.].
1.2 The requirements of this specification are intended to provide non-pressure (gravity flow) pipe and fittings for underground
use for subsurface and land drainage systems, which do not operate under surcharge pressure heads.
NOTE 1—Pipe and fittings produced in accordance with this specification are be installed in compliance with Practice D2321 or Practice F449 based on
diameter limitations within the respective standards.
NOTE 2—Subsurface and land drainage systems pertain principally to non-municipal or private facilities for water table control, storm drainage and
agricultural drainage applications. The products supplied under this specification are not intended for any sanitary sewer or municipal storm sewer
applications.
1.3 This specification covers pipe and fittings with an interior liner using an annular exterior corrugated profile (Fig. 1).
1.4 This specification permits the use of recycled materials for pipe in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land Drainage.
Current edition approved March 1, 2022May 1, 2023. Published March 2022May 2023. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20202022 as
F2648/F2648M – 20. DOI: 10.1520/F2648_F2648M-22.22. DOI: 10.1520/F2648_F2648M-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2648/F2648M − 23
FIG. 1 Annular Corrugated Profile Wall Polyethylene Pipe with Interior Liner
A
TABLE 1 Pipe Dimensions and Stiffness
NID Minimum Inside Diameter Minimum Liner Thickness Minimum Pipe Stiffness Minimum
at 5% Deflection SN Class
Metric Series US mm in. mm in. kPa lb/in./in. [SN]
Customary
Series
50 2 48 1.90 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
75 3 75 2.97 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
100 4 95 3.74 0.5 0.020 345 50 8
150 6 145 5.71 0.5 0.020 345 50 6
200 8 195 7.68 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
225 9 220 8.66 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
250 10 245 9.65 0.6 0.024 345 50 6
300 12 295 11.61 0.9 0.035 345 50 6
375 15 369 14.54 1.0 0.040 290 42 6
400 16 392 15.43 1.1 0.045 283 41 4
450 18 443 17.45 1.3 0.051 275 40 4
500 20 490 19.29 1.4 0.055 265 39 4
525 21 517 20.36 1.5 0.060 260 38 4
600 24 588 23.15 1.5 0.060 235 34 4
675 27 665 26.18 1.5 0.060 205 30 4
750 30 739 29.08 1.5 0.060 195 28 4
800 32 785 30.91 1.6 0.063 180 26 4
900 36 886 34.90 1.7 0.067 150 22 4
1000 39 985 38.79 1.8 0.070 141 21 2
1050 42 1034 40.72 1.8 0.071 140 20 2
1200 48 1182 46.54 1.8 0.071 125 18 2
1350 54 1330 52.36 2.0 0.079 110 16 2
1500 60 1478 58.17 2.0 0.079 95 14 2
A
Inside Diameters for metric (SI) sizes are in direct Imperial equivalent dimensions
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
D2321 Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling
Weight)
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
D4218 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Black Content in Polyethylene Compounds by the Muffle-Furnace Technique
D5630 Test Method for Ash Content in Plastics
D7399 Test Method for Determination of the Amount of Polypropylene in Polypropylene/Low Density Polyethylene Mixtures
Using Infrared Spectrophotometry
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
F2648/F2648M − 23
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F449 Practice for Subsurface Installation of Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe for Agricultural Drainage or Water Table Control
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE
Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
2.2 AASHTO (American Association of Highway and Transportation Offıcials) Standard:
(AASHTO) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
2.3 CSA Standards:
B181.0 Definitions, general requirements, and methods of testing for thermoplastic nonpressure piping
2.4 NCHRP (National Cooperative Highway Research Program) Report:
NCHRP Report 631 Updated Test and Design Methods for Thermoplastic Drainage Pipe
2.5 ISO Standard:
ISO 15270 Guidelines for Recovery and Recycling of Plastic Waste
ISO 9969 Thermoplastics pipes —Determination of ring stiffness
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless
otherwise specified. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 buckling, v—Any reverse curvature or deformation in the pipe wall or profile element that reduces the load-carrying capacity
of the pipe. For testing evaluations in this standard, buckling is defined as the buckling deflection limit, the point where the pipe
no longer sustains increasing or constant load with increasing deflection.
3.2.2 inside diameter, n—The manufacturer’s stated pipe inside diameter (Table 1).
3.2.3 graphitic material, n—a non-oxidized, highly crystalline carbon nanosheet substance with predominant thickness of 6-10
atomic layers (See CSA B181.0 Clause 4.5).
3.2.4 mold line, n—A line formed on the product as a result of the mold blocks parting during manufacturing, also referred to as
a parting line.
3.2.5 profile wall, n—A pipe wall construction that presents an interior liner in the waterway but includes exterior ribs,
corrugations, or other shapes, which can be either solid or hollow, that help brace the pipe against diametrical deformation.
3.2.6 NID, n—numerical designation, which is approximately equal to the nominal inside diameter by which a pipe or fitting is
defined.
3.2.7 SN, n—numerical designation of the ring stiffness of the pipe or fitting, determined according to ISO 9969, which is a
convenient round number, indicating the minimum required ring stiffness of the pipe or stiffness of the fitting.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification should include the following information to adequately describe the desired
product:
4.1.1 This ASTM designation,
4.1.2 Perforations:
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
http://www.transportation.org.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd., Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
Transportation Research Board, The National Academies 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001. http://www.TRB.org.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
F2648/F2648M − 23
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
4.1.3 Diameters,
4.1.4 Total footage of each pipe diameter involved,
4.1.5 Pipe length,
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and branch diameters, and
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter,
4.1.7 Material designation,
4.1.7.1 Virgin resin, and
4.1.7.2 Recycled resin.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 Virgin Resin Products:
5.1.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made of PE virgin plastic compound meeting the requirements of the
following cell classifications as defined and described in Specification D3350:
5.1.1.1 Pipe Diameter < 300 mm [<12 in.]: Cell Class 424420C or 424420E (ESCR Test Condition B),
5.1.1.2 Pipe Diameter ≥ 300 mm [≥12 in.]: Cell Class 435420C or 435420E (ESCR Test Condition B).
5.1.1.3 Environmental crack resistance shall be determined in accordance with 7.9. When carbon black is used, the carbon black
content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not exceed 4.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. When
graphitic material is used, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 1.0 % to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method
D4218. When carbon black and graphitic material are used in combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2.0 % to 4.0 %
when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
5.1.1.4 Environmental crack resistance shall be determined in accordance with 7.9. When carbon black is used, the carbon black
content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not exceed 4.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. In all
3 3
cases, the density of the PE plastic without pigment shall not be less than 0.945 g ⁄cm nor greater than 0.955 g ⁄cm . Compounds
that have a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be permitted provided allFor pipe containing carbon black, or
graphitic material, or both, determine the density, otherDp, product requirements are met.and calculate the resin density, Dr, as
follows:
Dr 5 Dp 2 0.0044C (1)
where:
C = weight percent of carbon black, graphitic materials or both.
Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be permitted provided all other product
requirements are met.
5.1.2 Rotationally Molded Fittings and Couplings—Compounds used in the manufacture of rotationally molded fittings and
couplings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of cell classification 213320C or 213320E (ESCR
Test Condition B) as defined in Specification D3350, except that the carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 %
but not exceed 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one
F2648/F2648M − 23
or more properties shall be permitted provided all other product requirements When graphitic material is used, the carbon content
in the pipe shall be 1.0 % to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218are met. When carbon black and graphitic
material are used in combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method
D4218.
5.1.2.1 For black compounds, containing carbon black, or graphitic material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and calculate the
resin density, Dr per Eq 1. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be permitted provided
all other product requirements are met.
5.1.3 Injection and Blow Molded Fittings and Couplings—Compounds used in the manufacture of injection molded fittings and
couplings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of cell classification 414420C or 414420E (ESCR
Test Condition B) as defined in Specification D3350, except that the carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 %
but not exceed 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one
or more properties shall be permitted provided all other product requirements When graphitic material is used, the carbon content
in the pipe shall be 1.0 % to 3.0 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218are met. When carbon black and graphitic
material are used in combination, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method
D4218.
5.1.3.1 For black compounds, containing carbon black, or graphitic material, or both, determine the density, Dp, and calculate the
resin density, Dr per Eq 1. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more properties shall be permitted provided
all other product requirements are met.
5.1.4 Rework Material—Clean rework material generated from the manufacturer’s own pipe and fittings production shall be
permitted to be used by the same manufacturer provided that the material meets the same or higher Specification D3350 cell
classification as the material required for the intended part and pipe or fittings to be produced under this specification.
5.2 Recycled Resin Products:
5.2.1 Recycled Resin Pipe—The pipe containing any post-consumer or industrial recycled materials shall be made of PE plastic
compound as defined in ISO 15720 meeting the requirements of the following cell classifications as defined and described in
Specification D3350:
5.2.1.1 Pipe Diameter < 300 mm [≤12 in.]: Cell Class 424400C or 424400E,
5.2.1.2 Pipe Diameter ≥ 300 mm [≥12 in.]: Cell Class 435400C or 435400E.
5.2.1.3 When carbon black is used, the carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than 2 % but not exceed 4 % when tested
in accordance with Test Method D4218. When graphitic material is used, the carbon content in the pipe shall be 1.0 % to 3.0 %
when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. When carbon black and graphitic material are used in combination, the carbon
content in the pipe shall be 2 % to 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218.
5.2.1.4 When carbon black is used, the carbonFor black compounds, containing carbon black, or graphitic material, or both,
determine the density, blackDp, content shall be equal toand calculate the resin density, orDr greater thanper Eq 1 2 % but not
exceed 4 % when tested in accordance with Test Method D4218. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more
properties shall be permitted provided all other product requirements are met. For slow crack growth resistance, extruded pipe shall
be evaluated using the notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to the procedure described in 7.10. The average
failure time of the five test specimens shall exceed 12 h with no single test specimen’s failure time less than 9 h. Maximum level
of polypropylene present by volume shall not be greater than 5 percent when tested in accordance with the procedures in 7.11.
Maximum ash content shall not be more than 2 % in accordance with the procedures in 7.12.
5.2.2 Recycled Resin Fittings—Fittings made from recycled resins are not permitted under this standard.
6. General Requirements
6.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homogeneous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical in color,
opacity and density. The pipe walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible
to the naked eye and that may affect the wall integrity. There shall be no delamination or separation of the inner liner and the
profile. The ends shall be cut squarely and cleanly. Holes intentionally placed in perforated pipe shall be permitted.
F2648/F2648M − 23
6.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to flow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.
6.2 Dimensions:
6.2.1 NID—The nominal size for the pipe and fittings shall be the NID value listed in Table 1.
6.2.2 Minimum Inside Diameter—The manufacturer’s stated minimum inside diameter shall be as shown in Table 1 when
measured in accordance with 7.4.1.
NOTE 3—The minimum inside diameter is the smallest diameter the pipe can be and is used for the hydraulic design of the pipe.
NOTE 4—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibility between
pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same manufacturer shall be verified.
6.2.3 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length agreeable to both the owner and manufacturer. Length shall not be less
than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in accordance with 7.4.2.
6.2.4 Minimum Inner Liner Thickness—The minimum inner liner thickness of the pipe shall meet the requirements given in Table
1 when measured in accordance with 7.4.3.
6.2.5 Perforations—Circular perforations or slots shall be cleanly cut, placed in the valley of the corrugation rib, and uniformly
spaced along the length and circumference of the pipe. Dimensions of the perforations and the minimum perforation inlet area shall
be as listed in Table 2. Other perforation dimensions and configurations shall be permitted where required to meet the needs of
the specifier. All measurements shall be made in accordance with 7.4.4. Pipe connected by bell and spigot joints shall not be
perforated in the area of the bells and spigots.
6.3 Pipe Stiffness:
6.3.1 Minimum pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection shall meet the requirements given in Table 1 when tested in accordance with 7.5.
NOTE 5—The 5 % deflection criterion, which was selected for testing convenience, is not a limitation with respect to in-use deflection. The engineer is
TABLE 2 Perforation Dimensions
Type of Perforation
NID Circular Slots Minimum Inlet Area
Maximum Diameter Maximum Width Maximum Length
2 2
Metric Series U.S. Customary mm in. mm in. mm in. cm /m in. /ft
Series
50 2 4.75 0.19 3 0.12 25 1.0 20 1.0
75 3 4.75 0.19 3 0.12 25 1.0 20 1.0
100 4 4.75 0.19 3 0.12 25 1.0 20 1.0
150 6 4.75 0.19 3 0.12 25 1.0 20 1.0
200 8 6.25 0.25 3 0.12 30 1.2 20 1.0
225 9 6.25 0.25 3 0.12 30 1.2 20 1.0
250 10 8 0.3 3 0.12 30 1.2 20 1.0
300 12 10 0.4 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
375 15 10 0.4 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
400 16 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 30 1.5
450 18 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 30 1.5
500 20 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
525 21 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
600 24 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
675 27 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
750 30 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
800 32 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
900 36 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
1000 40 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
1050 42 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
1200 48 10 0.4 3 0.12 75 2.75 40 2.0
1350 54 10 0.4 3 0.12 75
...