ASTM D7945-21a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products are used as lubricants and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to many product specifications.
5.2 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum products and in this test method is used for the calculation from dynamic to kinematic viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and density for the purpose of derivation of kinematic viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque. The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by dividing the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at the same test temperature. This test method also calculates the temperature at which petroleum liquids attain a specified kinematic viscosity using Practice D341.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.5 mm2/s to 1000 mm2/s in the temperature range between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of 2.06 mm2/s to 476 mm2/s at 40 °C and 1.09 mm2/s to 107 mm2/s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias). For jet fuels, the precision of kinematic viscosity has been determined in the range of 2.957 mm2/s to 5.805 mm2/s at –20 °C and 5.505 mm2/s to 13.03 mm2/s at –40 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias), and the precision of the temperature at 12 mm2/s (cSt) has been determined in the range of –38.3 °C to –58.1 °C (as stated in Section 13 on Precision and Bias). The precision has only been determined for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test method can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and temperature. For materials not listed in Section 12 on Precision and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7945 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
1
Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
viscosityanddensityforthepurposeofderivationofkinematic
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dividing the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the same test temperature. This test method also calculates the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
temperature at which petroleum liquids attain a specified
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
kinematic viscosity using Practice D341.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
toliquidsforwhichprimarilytheshearstressandshearrateare
2. Referenced Documents
proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and
2 2
method is from 0.5 mm /s to 1000 mm /s in the temperature
Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
range between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
2 2 2
2.06 mm /s to 476 mm /s at 40 °C and 1.09 mm /s to
ity)
2
107 mm /s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Bias). For jet fuels, the precision of kinematic viscosity has
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
2 2
beendeterminedintherangeof2.957 mm /sto5.805 mm /sat
and Viscosity Oil Standards
2 2
–20 °Cand5.505 mm /sto13.03 mm /sat–40 °C(asstatedin
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
Section 12 on Precision and Bias), and the precision of the
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
2
temperature at 12 mm /s (cSt) has been determined in the
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
range of –38.3 °C to –58.1 °C (as stated in Section 13 on
D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
Precision and Bias). The precision has only been determined
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test method
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing
can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and
Synthesized Hydrocarbons
temperature.FormaterialsnotlistedinSection12onPrecision
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
ISO 5725 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measure-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ment Methods and Results
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
standard.
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
published in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D7945 – 21. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd S
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7945 − 21 D7945 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
1
Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and density for the purpose of derivation of kinematic viscosity
of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque. The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by dividing the
dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at the same test temperature. This test method also calculates the temperature at
which petroleum liquids attain a specified kinematic viscosity using Practice D341.
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application to
liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rate are proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
2 2
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.5 mm /s to 1000 mm /s in the temperature range
2
between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of 2.06 mm /s to
2 2 2
476 mm /s at 40 °C and 1.09 mm /s to 107 mm /s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias). For jet fuels, the
2 2 2
precision of kinematic viscosity has been determined in the range of 2.957 mm /s to 5.805 mm /s at –20 °C and 5.505 mm /s to
2 2
13.03 mm /s at –40 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias), and the precision of the temperature at 12 mm /s (cSt) has
been determined in the range of –38.3 °C to –58.1 °C (as stated in Section 13 on Precision and Bias). The precision has only been
determined for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test
method can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and temperature. For materials not listed in Section 12 on Precision
and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2021Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2021January 2022. Originally published in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 20202021 as
D7945 – 20a.D7945 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D7945-21.10.1520/D7945-21A.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7945 − 21a
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and
Lubricants
D6708 Practi
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7945 − 21a
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic
1
Viscosity of Liquids by Constant Pressure Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7945; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
viscosity and density for the purpose of derivation of kinematic
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
viscosity of petroleum liquids, both transparent and opaque.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
The kinematic viscosity, ν, in this test method is derived by
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dividing the dynamic viscosity, η, by the density, ρ, obtained at
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the same test temperature. This test method also calculates the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
temperature at which petroleum liquids attain a specified
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
kinematic viscosity using Practice D341.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 The result obtained from this test method is dependent
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
upon the behavior of the sample and is intended for application
to liquids for which primarily the shear stress and shear rate are
2. Referenced Documents
proportional (Newtonian flow behavior).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The range of kinematic viscosity covered by this test
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and
2 2
method is from 0.5 mm /s to 1000 mm /s in the temperature
Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
range between –40 °C to 120 °C; however the precision has
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
been determined only for fuels and oils in the range of
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
2 2 2
2.06 mm /s to 476 mm /s at 40 °C and 1.09 mm /s to
ity)
2
107 mm /s at 100 °C (as stated in Section 12 on Precision and
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Bias). For jet fuels, the precision of kinematic viscosity has
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
2 2
been determined in the range of 2.957 mm /s to 5.805 mm /s at
and Viscosity Oil Standards
2 2
–20 °C and 5.505 mm /s to 13.03 mm /s at –40 °C (as stated in
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
Section 12 on Precision and Bias), and the precision of the
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products,
2
temperature at 12 mm /s (cSt) has been determined in the
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
range of –38.3 °C to –58.1 °C (as stated in Section 13 on
D6708 Practice for Statistical Assessment and Improvement
Precision and Bias). The precision has only been determined
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
for those materials, viscosity ranges, and temperatures as
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
indicated in Section 12 on Precision and Bias. The test method
D7566 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing
can be applied to a wider range of materials, viscosity, and
Synthesized Hydrocarbons
temperature. For materials not listed in Section 12 on Precision
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
and Bias, the precision and bias may not be applicable.
ISO 5725 Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) of Measure-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ment Methods and Results
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence
standard. of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
published in 2014. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D7945 – 21. DOI: Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/D7945-21A. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes sectio
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.