ASTM E2228-18
(Guide)Standard Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
Standard Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Microscopical examination is generally a non-destructive, rapid, and reproducible means of determining the microscopic characteristics, optical properties, and generic polymer type of textile fibers.
4.2 Point-by-point, side-by-side microscopic comparison provides a highly discriminating and efficient method of determining if two or more fibers can be differentiated.
4.3 This guideline requires specific pieces of instrumentation outlined herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes guidelines for microscopical examinations employed in forensic fiber characterization, identification, and comparison. A microscopical fiber examination can include a variety of light microscopes, such as stereomicroscope, polarized light, comparison, fluorescence, and interference. In certain instances, the scanning electron microscope may yield additional information. The particular test(s) or techniques employed by each examiner or laboratory will depend upon available equipment, examiner training, and the nature and extent of the fiber evidence.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: E2228 − 18
Standard Guide for
1
Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D276Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
E1459Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related
1.1 This standard describes guidelines for microscopical
Documentation
examinations employed in forensic fiber characterization,
E1492Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and
identification, and comparison.Amicroscopical fiber examina-
Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
tion can include a variety of light microscopes, such as
3
2.2 AATCC Standards:
stereomicroscope, polarized light, comparison, fluorescence,
AATCC Test Methods 20Fiber Identification: Qualitative
and interference. In certain instances, the scanning electron
microscope may yield additional information. The particular
3. Terminology
test(s) or techniques employed by each examiner or laboratory
will depend upon available equipment, examiner training, and 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
refer to Terminology D123.
the nature and extent of the fiber evidence.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 anisotropic,adj—acharacteristicofanobjectinwhich
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. the refractive index differs depending on the direction of
propagation or vibration of light through the object.
1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or
4
(1)
abilities acquired through education, training, and experience
3.2.2 barrier filter, n—a filter used in fluorescence micros-
and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by
copythatsuppressesunnecessaryexcitationenergythathasnot
individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and
been absorbed by the fiber and selectively transmits only
abilities.
energy of greater wavelengths than the cut-off wavelength or
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
within a specific wavelength range.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 Becke line, n—the bright halo near the boundary of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fiber that moves with respect to that boundary as the micro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
scope is focused through best focus when the fiber is mounted
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in a medium that differs from its refractive index.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
(1)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.4 Becke line method, n—a method for determining the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
refractiveindexofafiberrelativetoitsmountantbynotingthe
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
direction in which the Becke line moves when the focus is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
changed.
(1)
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4.1 Discussion—The Becke line always moves toward
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: the higher refractive index medium (fiber or mountant) when
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles focus is raised (stage is lowered) and towards the lower
refractive index medium when focus is lowered (stage is
raised). At the point where the index of the fiber matches the
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic
index of the mounting medium, the Becke line is no longer
Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2228–10. DOI:
3
10.1520/E2228-18. Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http://
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.aatcc.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E2228 − 18
visible. The Becke
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2228 − 10 E2228 − 18
Standard Guide for
1
Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This sectionstandard describes guidelines for microscopical examinations employed in forensic fiber characterization,
identification, and comparison. Several types of light microscopes are used, including, stereobinocular, A microscopical fiber
examination can include a variety of light microscopes, such as stereomicroscope, polarized light, comparison, fluorescence, and
interference. In certain instances, the scanning electron microscope may yield additional information. Select whichThe particular
test(s) or techniques to use based upon employed by each examiner or laboratory will depend upon available equipment, examiner
training, and the nature and extent of the fiber evidence.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through education, training, and experience and is to
be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D276 Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles
E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation
E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory
3
2.2 AATCC Standards:
AATCC Test Method 20:QualitativeMethods 20 Test Method 20–2007 Fiber Analysis:Fiber Identification: Qualitative
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D123.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 anisotropic—anisotropic, adj—a characteristic of an object, which has optical properties that differ according to the
direction in which light travels through the object when viewed in polarized light.object in which the refractive index differs
depending on the direction of propagation or vibration of light through the object.
4
(1)
3.2.2 barrier filter—filter, n—a filter used in fluorescence microscopy that suppresses unnecessary excitation lightenergy that has
not been absorbed by the fiber and selectively transmits only lightenergy of greater wavelengths than the cut-off wavelength-
.wavelength or within a specific wavelength range.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on Forensic Sciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2010Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2010September 2018. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20022010
as E2228 – 02.E2228 – 10. DOI: 10.1520/E2228-10.10.1520/E2228-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709,27709-2215, http://
www.aatcc.org.
4
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to thea list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2228 − 18
3.2.3 Becke line—line, n—the bright halo near
...
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