ASTM G119-09(2021)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Wear and corrosion can involve a number of mechanical and chemical processes. The combined action of these processes can result in significant mutual interaction beyond the individual contributions of mechanical wear and corrosion (1-5).4 This interaction among abrasion, rubbing, impact and corrosion can significantly increase total material losses in aqueous environments, thus producing a synergistic effect. Reduction of either the corrosion or the wear component of material loss may significantly reduce the total material loss. A practical example may be a stainless steel that has excellent corrosion resistance in the absence of mechanical abrasion, but readily wears and corrodes when abrasive particles remove its corrosion-resistant passive film. Quantification of wear/corrosion synergism can help guide the user to the best means of lowering overall material loss. The procedures outlined in this guide cannot be used for systems in which any corrosion products such as oxides are left on the surface after a test, resulting in a possible weight gain.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and provides a means for computing the increased wear loss rate attributed to synergism or interaction that may occur in a system when both wear and corrosion processes coexist. The guide applies to systems in liquid solutions or slurries and does not include processes in a gas/solid system.
1.2 This guide applies to metallic materials and can be used in a generic sense with a number of wear/corrosion tests. It is not restricted to use with approved ASTM test methods.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G119 − 09 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Guide for
Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope G59 Test Method for Conducting Potentiodynamic Polariza-
tion Resistance Measurements
1.1 This guide covers and provides a means for computing
G102 Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Re-
the increased wear loss rate attributed to synergism or interac-
lated Information from Electrochemical Measurements
tion that may occur in a system when both wear and corrosion
processes coexist. The guide applies to systems in liquid
3. Terminology
solutions or slurries and does not include processes in a
gas/solid system. 3.1 Definitions—For general definitions relating to corro-
sion see Terminology G15. For definitions relating to wear see
1.2 This guide applies to metallic materials and can be used
Terminology G40.
in a generic sense with a number of wear/corrosion tests. It is
not restricted to use with approved ASTM test methods. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cathodic protection current density, i —the electrical
cp
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
currentdensityneededduringthewear/corrosionexperimentto
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
maintain the specimen at a potential which is one volt cathodic
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to the open circuit potential.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.2 corrosion current density, i —the corrosion current
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cor
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- density measured by electrochemical techniques, as described
in Practice G102.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.3 electrochemical corrosion rate, C—the electrochemi-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cal corrosion rate as determined by Test Method G59 and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
converted to a penetration rate in accordance with Practice
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
G102. This penetration rate is equivalent to the volume loss
rate per area.The term C is the electrochemical corrosion rate
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2. Referenced Documents
during the corrosive wear process, and the term C designates
the electrochemical corrosion rate when no mechanical wear is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
allowed to take place.
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
3.2.4 mechanical wear rate, W —the rate of material loss
G5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic
from a specimen when the electrochemical corrosion rate has
Anodic Polarization Measurements
been eliminated by cathodic protection during the wear test.
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and CorrosionTest-
3.2.5 total material loss rate, T—the rate of material loss
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
from a specimen exposed to the specified conditions, including
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
contributions from mechanical wear, corrosion, and interac-
tions between these two.
3.2.6 wear/corrosion interaction—the change in material
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and
wastage resulting from the interaction between wear and
Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive
corrosion, that is, T minus W and C . This can be sub-divided
0 0
Wear.
into ∆C , the change of the electrochemical corrosion rate due
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally
w
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as G119 – 09 (2016).
to wear and ∆W , the change in mechanical wear due to
c
DOI: 10.1520/G0119-09R21.
corrosion.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 4. Summary of Guide
the ASTM website.
4.1 A wear test is carried out under the test conditions of
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. interest and T is measured.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G119 − 09 (2021)
4.2 Additional experiments are conducted to isolate the circuit corrosion potential, E , the polarization resistance, R ,
cor p
mechanical and corrosion components of the corrosive wear and Tafel constants, β and β , are tabulated. The exception to
a c
process. These are as follows: ReferenceTest Method G5 is that the apparatus, cell geometry,
4.2.1 Arepeatoftheexperimentin4.1withmeasurementof andsolutionsorslurriesusedaredefinedbytheparticularwear
C , testbeingconducted,andarenotrestrictedtotheelectrochemi-
w
4.2.2 Atest identical to the initial experiment in 4.1, except cal cell or electrolyte described in Reference Test Method G5.
that cathodic protection is used to obtain W , and The potentiodynamic method rather than the potentiostatic
4.2.3 Measurement of C , the corrosion rate in the absence method is recommended. R , β , and β are used to calculate
0 p a c
of mechanical wear. the electrochemical corrosion current density, i as described
cor
in Test Method G59. The value for i is then converted to a
cor
4.3 ∆C and ∆W are calculated from the values measured
w c
penetration rate in accordance to Practice G102. This penetra-
in the experiments described in 4.1 and 4.2.
tion rate is equivalent to the material loss rate, C .
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5. Significance and Use
6.3 Awear test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run again
except that the wear specimen is polarized one volt cathodic
5.1 Wearandcorrosioncaninvolveanumberofmechanical
with respect to E so that no corrosion takes place. The mass
cor
and chemical processes. The combined action of these pro-
lossofthespecimenismeasuredduringthecathodicprotection
cesses can result in significant mutual interaction beyond the
period by weighing it before and after the test. W is then
individual contributions of mechanical wear and corrosion
calculated by dividing the mass loss by the specimen density
(1-5). This interaction among abrasion, rubbing, impact and
and exposed surface area. The current density i is also
corrosion can significantly increase total material losses in cp
recorded. Caution must be used when using this technique
aqueous environments, thus producing a synergistic effect.
because some metals or alloys may be affected by hydrogen
Reduction of either the corrosion or the wear component of
embrittlement as a result of hydrogen that may be generated
material loss may significantly reduce the total material loss.A
during this test. If hydrogen evolution is too great, then there is
practical example may be a stainless steel that has excellent
always a possibility that the hydrodynamics of the system
corrosion resistance in the absence of mechanical abrasion, but
could be affected. However, the results of research (1-7) have
readily wears and corrodes when abrasive particles remove its
showntheseeffectstobeminimalfortheferrousalloysstudied
corrosion-resistant passive film. Quantification of wear/
to date.
corrosion synergism can help guide the user to the best means
of lowering overall material loss. The procedures outlined in
6.4 A corrosion test similar to that conducted in 6.2 is run
this guide cannot be used for systems in which any corrosion
again except no mechanical wear is allowed to act on the
products such as oxides are left on the surface after a test,
specimen surface. The penetration rate, which is equivalent to
resulting in a possible weight gain.
C , is obtained as in 6.2, using polarization resistance and
potentiodynamic polarization scans to obtain R , β , β , and
p a b
6. Procedures
i .
cor
6.1 A wear test where corrosion is a possible factor is
6.5 T, W ,C,C and C are all reported in units of volume
0 w 0
performed after the specimen has been cleaned and prepared to
loss per exposed area per unit time. The synergism between
remove foreign matter from its surface. Volume loss rates per
wear and corrosion is calculated according to (Eq 1), (Eq 2),
unit area are then calculated, and the results tabulated. The
and (Eq 3).
value of T is obtained from these measurements. Examples of
6.6 Caution must be used to make sure that the surface area
wear tests involving corrosion are detailed in papers contained
exposed to corrosion is the same as that exposed to mechanical
in the list of references. These examples include a slurry wear
wear. Coating of the portions of the specimen with a non-
test (1-3), a slurry jet impingement test (6), and a rotating
conductor to mask off areas to prevent corrosion is an effective
cylinder-anvil apparatus (7).
means of doing this.
6.2 A wear test described in 6.1 is repeated, except that the
7. Calculation of Wear/Corrosion Interaction
wear specimen is used as a working electrode in a typical 3
electrode system. The other two electrodes are a standard
7.1 The total material loss, T, is related to the synergistic
reference electrode and a counter electrode as described in
component, S,thatpartofthetotaldamagethatresultsfromthe
PracticeG3,TestMethodG59,andReferenceTestMethodG5.
interaction of corrosion and wear processes, by the following
This test is for electrochemical measurements only, and no
equation
mass or volume losses are measured because they could be
T 5 W 1C 1S (1)
0 0
affected by the electrical current that is passed through the
7.2 The total material loss, T, can be divided into the
specimen of interest during the experiments. Two measure-
following components, the wear rate in the absence of
ments are made, one to measure the polarization resistance as
corrosion, the corrosion rate in the absence of wear, and the
in Test Method G59, and one to generate a potentiodynamic
sum of the interactions between the processes:
polarization curve as in Reference Test Method G5. The open
T 5 W 1C 1∆C 1∆W (2)
0 0 w c
where ∆C is the change in corrosion rate due to wear and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of w
this standard. ∆W is the change in wear rate due to corrosion.
c
G119 − 09 (2021)
TEST —Test Number:
DATE —Date:
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