ASTM G40-10b

Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2010
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.060 - Corrosion of metals
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.91 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM G40-10a - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Replaced By: ASTM G40-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
• Effective Date: 01-May-2012
• Referred By: ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G119-09(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining Synergism Between Wear and Corrosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6984-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils in the Sequence IIIF, Spark-Ignition Engine
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7217-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Extreme Pressure Properties of Solid Bonded Films Using a High-Frequency, Linear-Oscillation (SRV) Test Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G176-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Ranking Resistance of Plastics to Sliding Wear Using Block-on-Ring Wear Test—Cumulative Wear Method
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G211-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Conducting Elevated Temperature Erosion Tests by Solid Particle Impingement Using Gas Jets
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G143-03(2018) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Web/Roller Friction Characteristics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM B611-21 - Standard Test Method for Determining the High Stress Abrasion Resistance of Hard Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D5182-19 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Scuffing Load Capacity of Oils (FZG Visual Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM G193-22 - Standard Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7898-14(2020) - Standard Practice for Lubrication and Hydraulic Filter Debris Analysis (FDA) for Condition Monitoring of Machinery
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D7596-23 - Standard Test Method for Automatic Particle Counting and Particle Shape Classification of Oils Using a Direct Imaging Integrated Tester
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010
• Referred By: ASTM D6681-23 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Engine Oils in a High Speed, Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine—Caterpillar 1P Test Procedure
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2010

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:G40–10b
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
abrasive wear.
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
lubrication.
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impinge-
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
they represent unless otherwise noted.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
cable to the scope as defined herein.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle
and erosion.
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
impact.
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
2. Referenced Documents
2 macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
Products
attenuation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
3. Terminology erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
average erosion rate, n—alesspreferredtermfor cumulative
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced,
erosion rate. (See also interval erosion rate.)
abrasive wear.
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
phousmaterialformedonacrystallinesolidduringmechani-
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
ogy.
supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originally
therefore considered archaic and is strongly discouraged.
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as G40–10a. DOI:
10.1520/G0040-10B.
break-in, n—See run-in.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
break in, v—See run in.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
brinelling, n—damagetoasolidbearingsurfacecharacterized
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
by one or more plastically formed indentations caused by
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 B
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G40–10a Designation:G40–10b
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion
against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss
is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that
its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they
represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable
to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 Thepurposeofthisterminologyistoencourageuniformityandaccuracyinthedescriptionoftestmethodsanddevicesand
in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Terminology
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced, abrasive wear.
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is
affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby accelerated.
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive wear.
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion,thestagefollowingtheincubationperiodduringwhichthe
erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the two
surfaces or loss from either surface.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetweenthedirectionofmotionofanimpingingliquidorsolidparticleand
the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle
and the normal to the surface at the point of impact.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
attenuation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2010. PublishedAugust 2010.January 2011. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as G40–10a. DOI:
10.1520/G0040-10AB.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail] Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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G40–10b
average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative erosion rate. cumulative erosion rate. (See also interval erosion
rate.)
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of sup
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