ASTM G40-12
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
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Designation: G40 − 12
StandardTerminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
abrasive wear.
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
lubrication.
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
they represent unless otherwise noted.
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impinge-
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli-
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
cable to the scope as defined herein.
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid
and erosion.
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
2. Referenced Documents
impact.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
Products betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
3. Terminology
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced,
topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
abrasive wear.
attenuation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
ogy. average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative
Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published August 2012. Originally
erosion rate. (See also interval erosion rate.)
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as G40–10b. DOI:
10.1520/G0040-12.
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
phousmaterialformedonacrystallinesolidduringmechani-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal polishing, whose existence was proposed in Sir George
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Beilby’s writings. The existence of such a layer is not
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G40−12
it; this effect of cavitation is termed cavitation damage or cavitation
supported by recent research, and the use of this term is
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G40–10b Designation:G40–12
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion
against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss
is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that
its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they
represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable
to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 Thepurposeofthisterminologyistoencourageuniformityandaccuracyinthedescriptionoftestmethodsanddevicesand
in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Terminology
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced, abrasive wear.
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is
affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby accelerated.
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive wear.
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion,thestagefollowingtheincubationperiodduringwhichthe
erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the two
surfaces or loss from either surface.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetweenthedirectionofmotionofanimpingingliquidorsolidparticleand
the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle
and the normal to the surface at the point of impact.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
attenuation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative erosion rate. (See also interval erosion rate.)
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Dec.May 1, 2010.2012. Published January 2011.August 2012. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
G40–10a.G40–10b. DOI: 10.1520/G0040-10B.10.1520/G0040-12.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G40–12
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of s
...
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