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ASTM D2596-10e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating greases having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The results do not necessarily correlate with results from service.3  
5.2 It is noted that lubricating greases that have as their fluid component a silicone, halogenated silicone, or a mixture comprising silicone fluid and petroleum oil, are not applicable to this method of test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases. Two determinations are made:  
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load), and  
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-Pressure (EP) Tester.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2010
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.G0.04 - Functional Tests - Tribology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2596-10 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Replaced By
ASTM D2596-14 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM D2783-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM F2489-06(2022) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D8324-21 - Standard Guide for Selection of Environmentally Acceptable Lubricants for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Vessel General Permit
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4950-22 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM D2596-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)ASTM D2596-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
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ASTM D2596-10e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D2596 − 10
StandardTest Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Grease (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Subsection 3.1.9 was editorially corrected in April 2014.
1. Scope* the rotating ball under an applied load in the presence of a
lubricant, but without causing either seizure or welding.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
3.1.3 corrected load, n—the load in kilograms-force (or
carrying properties of lubricating greases. Two determinations
are made: Newtons) obtained by multiplying the applied load by the ratio
of the Hertz scar diameter to the measured scar diameter at that
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load),
and load.
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme- 3.1.3.1 Discussion—In this test method, the corrected load
Pressure (EP) Tester. is calculated for each run.
3.1.4 hertz line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper where the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
coordinatesarescardiameterinmillimetresandappliedloadin
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under static conditions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as a hertz line.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.5 hertz scar diameter, n—the average diameter, in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- millimetres, of an indentation caused by the deformation of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. balls under static load (prior to test). It may be calculated from
the equation:
2. Referenced Documents
22 1/3
D 5 8.73 310 P (1)
~ !
h
2
2.1 American National Standard:
where:
B3.12 Metal Balls
D = Hertz diameter of the contact area in millimetres, and
h
P = static applied load in kilograms-force.
3. Terminology
3.1.6 immediate seizure region, n—that region of the scar-
3.1 Definitions:
load curve characterized by seizure or welding at the startup or
3.1.1 compensation line, n—a line of plot on log-log paper
by large wear scars.
where the coordinates are scar diameter in millimetres and
3.1.6.1 Discussion—Under conditions of this test method,
applied load in kilograms-force (or Newtons) obtained under
the immediate seizure region is shown by line CD.Also, initial
dynamic conditions.
deflection of indicating pen on the optional friction-measuring
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as line ABE.
device is larger than with nonseizure loads.
3.1.2 compensation scar diameter—the average diameter, in
3.1.7 incipient seizure or initial seizure region, n—that
millimetres, of the wear scar on the stationary balls caused by
region at which, with an applied load, there is a momentary
breakdown of the lubricating film.
3.1.7.1 Discussion—This breakdown is noted by a sudden
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
increase in the measured scar diameter, shown in Fig. 1 as line
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of
BC, and a momentary deflection of the indicating pen of the
Subcommittee D02.G0.04 on Functional Tests - Tribology.
optional friction-measuring device.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2596–97(2008).
3.1.8 last nonseizure load, n—the last load at which the
DOI: 10.1520/D2596-10E01.
2
measured scar diameter is not more than 5 % greater than the
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. compenation value at that load.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D2596 − 10
FIG. 1 Schematic Plot of Scar Diameter Versus Applied Load
FIG. 2 Sectional View of Four-Ball EP Tester
3.1.8.1 Discussion—Shown in Fig. 1 as Point B.
3.1.9 load-wear index (or the load-carrying property of a
lubricant), n—an index of the ability of a lubricant to minimize and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The results do
3
not necessarily correlate with results from service.
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a lubricating grease's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of 200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm, duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test machine, specifically, ambient to 280 °C. Other test loads (10 N to 1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 N to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and 10 N to 2000 N for SRVIII-model), frequencies (5 Hz to 500 Hz) and stroke amplitudes (0.1 mm up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified. The precision of this test method is based on the stated parameters and test temperatures of 50 °C and 80 °C. Average wear scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are determined and reported.
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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
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1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
Note 3: The TMC may also issue In...

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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7922-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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