ASTM D5293-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS apparent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) L-495 test with reference oils that had viscosities between 600 mPa·s and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at –17.8 °C and between 2000 mPa·s and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at –28.9 °C. The detailed relationship between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosities is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test Method D26026 and CRC Report 409.5 Because the CRC L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with average CRC L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory.
5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures between –1 °C and –40 °C by work on 17 commercial engine oils (SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 621.7
5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature engine performance study between light duty engine startability and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten 1990s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 °C down to –40 °C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, and 25W).8
5.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base stocks is typically done to determine their suitability for use in engine oil formulations. A significant number of the calibration oils for this method are base stocks that could be used in engine oil formulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and –35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 105 to 104 s–1 for viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
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Designation: D5293 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
1
Between –10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
At Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of
3
(Withdrawn 1993)
apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
cranking simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –10 °C and
Petroleum Products
–35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to
5 4 –1 2.2 ISO Standard:
100 000 Pa and shear rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of
viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The
4
Testing and Calibration Laboratories
range of an instrument is dependent on the instrument model
and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity
3. Terminology
results by this method are related to engine-cranking charac-
3.1 Definitions:
teristics of engine oils.
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of
viscosity at all shear rates.
highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
X2.
viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated
3.1.3 viscosity, η,n—the property of a fluid that determines
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
cold-cranking simulator.
τ
η 5 (1)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
γ
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
where:
standard.
τ = the stress per unit area, and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
γ = the rate of shear.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning
resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
statements are given in Section 8.
is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
(millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
2. Referenced Documents
used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of
and Viscosity Oil Standards
this test method.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
with shear rate.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originally
viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5293 – 14. DOI:
10.1520/D5293-15.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5293 − 15
calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-cranking –40 °C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,
8
simulator rotor speed. 15W, 20W, and 25W).
5.4 The measurement of the cranking viscosity of base
3.2.3 check oil, n—a batch of test oil used to monitor
measurement performance. stocks is typically done to
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5293 − 14 D5293 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils and Base Stocks
Between –5 °C–10 °C and –35 °C Using Cold-Cranking
1
Simulator
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of apparent viscosity of engine oils and base stocks by cold cranking
simulator (CCS) at temperatures between –5 °C–10 °C and –35 °C at shear stresses of approximately 50 000 Pa to 100 000 Pa and
5 4 –1
shear rates of approximately 10 to 10 s for viscosities of approximately 900 mPa·s to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument
is dependent on the instrument model and software version installed. Apparent Cranking Viscosity results by this method are
related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided for measurement of highly viscoelastic oils in manual instruments. See Appendix X2.
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the
cold-cranking simulator.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
D2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils At Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator (Withdrawn
3
1993)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
2.2 ISO Standard:
4
ISO 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant viscosity at all shear rates.
3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
3.1.3 viscosity, η, n—the property of a fluid that determines its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
τ
η5 (1)
γ
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published June 2014May 2015. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20102014 as
ε1
D5293 – 10D5293 – 14. . DOI: 10.1520/D5293-14.10.1520/D5293-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5293 − 15
where:
τ = the stress per unit area, and
γ = the rate of shear.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
It is sometimes called the coefficient of dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the resistance to flow of the liquid.
In the SI, the unit of viscosity is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple (millipascal-second) is more convenient and
is customarily used. The millipascal second is 1 cP (centipoise).
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of this test method.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Since many engine oils are non-Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary with shear rate.
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and viscosity/temperature functionality
...
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