ASTM D2783-03(2009)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating fluids having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The user of this method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two determinations are made:
1.1.1 Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load).
1.1.2 Weld point by means of the four-ball extreme-pressure (EP) tester.
1.2 For the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases, see Test Method D 2596.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
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Designation: D2783 − 03(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope diameter in millimetres and applied load in kilograms-force (or
newtons), obtained under dynamic conditions.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Coordinates for the compensation line
carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two
are found in Table 1, Columns 1 and 3.
determinations are made:
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Some lubricants give coordinates
1.1.1 Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load).
1.1.2 Weldpointbymeansofthefour-ballextreme-pressure which are above the compensation line. Known examples of
such fluids are methyl phenyl silicone, chlorinated methyl
(EP) tester.
phenyl silicone, silphenylene, phenyl ether, and some mixtures
1.2 For the determination of the load-carrying properties of
of petroleum oil and chlorinated paraffins.
lubricating greases, see Test Method D2596.
3.1.2 compensation scar diameter—the average diameter, in
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
millimetres, of the wear scar on the stationary balls caused by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the rotating ball under an applied load in the presence of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lubricant, but without causing either seizure or welding.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The wear scar obtained shall be within
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5 % of the values noted in Table 1, Column 3.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.1.3 corrected load—the load in kilograms-force (or new-
only.
tons) for each run obtained by multiplying the applied load by
the ratio of the Hertz scar diameter to the measured scar
2. Referenced Documents
diameter at that load.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.4 Hertz line—a line of plot on logarithmic paper, as
D2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
shown in Fig. 1, where the coordinates are scar diameter in
Properties of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
millimetres and applied load in kilograms-force (or newtons),
2.2 ANSI Standard:
obtained under static conditions.
3
B 3.12 Metal Balls
3.1.5 Hertz scar diameter—the average diameter, in
3. Terminology
millimetres, of an indentation caused by the deformation of the
balls under static load (prior to test). It may be calculated from
3.1 Definitions:
the equation
3.1.1 compensation line—a line of plot on logarithmic
paper, as shown in Fig. 1, where the coordinates are scar 22 1/3
D 5 8.73 310 P (1)
~ !
h
where:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D = Hertz diameter of the contact area, and
h
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
P = the static applied load.
D02.L0.11 on Tribiological Properties of Industrial Fluids and Lubricates.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally
3.1.6 immediate seizure region—that region of the scar-load
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D2783 – 03.
curve characterized by seizure or welding at the startup or by
This method was prepared under the joint sponsorship of the American Society
of Lubrication Engineers. Accepted by ASLE January 1969. DOI: 10.1520/D2783-
large wear scars. Initial deflection of indicating pen on the
03R09.
optional friction-measuring device is larger than with nonsei-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
zure loads. See Fig. 1.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
3.1.7 incipient seizure or initial seizure region—that region
the ASTM website.
3
at which, with an applied load, there is a momentary break-
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036. down of the lubricating film. This breakdown is noted by a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2783 − 03 (2009)
3.1.10 weld point—under the conditions of this test, the
lowest applied load in kilograms at which the rotating bal
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard Designation: D 2783 – 03 (Reapproved 2009)
Designation:D2783–88(Reapproved1998)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
1
Fluids (Four-Ball Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2783; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two
determinations are made:
1.1.1Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load) and
1.1.1 Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load).
1.1.2 Weld point by means of the four-ball extreme-pressure (EP) tester.
1.2
1.2 For the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases, see Test Method D 2596.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.3The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values of the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D484Specification for Hydrocarbon Drycleaning Solvents 2596 Test Method for Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties
of Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Method)
2.2 ANSI Standard:
3
B 3.12 Metal Balls
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 load-wear index (or the load-carrying property of a lubricant)—an index of the ability of a lubricant to minimize wear at
appliedloads.Undertheconditionsofthistest,specificloadingsinkilograms-force(ornewtons)havingintervalsofapproximately
0.1 logarithmic units, are applied to the three stationary balls for ten runs prior to welding. The load-wear index is the average of
the sum of the corrected loads determined for the ten applied loads immediately preceding the weld pair. compensation line—a
line of plot on logarithmic paper, as shown in Fig. 1, where the coordinates are scar diameter in millimetres and applied load in
kilograms-force (or newtons), obtained under dynamic conditions.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Coordinates for the compensation line are found in Table 1, Columns 1 and 3.
3.1.1.2 Discussion—Some lubricants give coordinates which are above the compensation line. Known examples of such fluids
are methyl phenyl silicone, chlorinated methyl phenyl silicone, silphenylene, phenyl ether, and some mixtures of petroleum oil and
chlorinated paraffins.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L on
Industrial Lubricants.
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 31, 1988. Published December 1988. Originally published as D2783–69T. Last previous edition D2783–82 .
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.L0.11
on Tribiological Properties of Industrial Fluids and Lubricates.
Current edition approved April 15, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 2783 – 03.
This method was prepared under the joint sponsorship of the American Society of Lubrication Engineers. Accepted by ASLE January 1969.
2
Discontinued; see 1984 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 42nd43rd St., 13th4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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