ASTM D7152-23
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7152 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and
estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more
Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
components, residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend
ity)
fractions.
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of
Fuels, and Lubricants
each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
meeting a specific viscosity.
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
Kinematic Viscosity)
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of
products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
3
packages, and products containing particulates.
Excel Worksheet
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural
Terminology D4175.
logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are
3.2.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at
used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the
constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
×
base 10 exponential function, 10 , used herein.
3.2.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a com-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ponent to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to
viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
of the components.
use.
3.2.4 dumbbell blend, n—a blend made from components of
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
widely differing viscosity.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.5 inverse blending method, n—an equation for calculat-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
ing the predicted blending fractions of components to achieve
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a blend of given viscosity.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published October 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1 3
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7152 – 11 (2016) . Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
DOI: 10.1520/D7152-23. ADJD7152-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7152 − 23
3.2.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7152 − 11 (Reapproved 2016) D7152 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorially updated Footnote 3 in February 2020.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum
products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residua with kerosine,residual fuel oil with kerosene, crude oils, and
related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting
a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties,
such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice
uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10
×
exponential function, 10 , used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability
of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2023. Published February 2016October 2023. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
ɛ1
D7152 – 11.D7152 – 11 (2016) . DOI: 10.1520/D7152-11R16E01.10.1520/D7152-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7152 − 23
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products Excel Worksheet
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
3.2.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a component to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be expressed
as mass percent or volume percent.
3.2.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities of the
components.
3.2.4 dumbbell blend, n—a blend made from components of widely differing viscosity.
3.2.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
3.2.5 inverse blendin
...
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