ASTM D7152-11(2016)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.3
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10 exponential function, 10×, used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D7152 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially updated Footnote 3 in February 2020.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the
estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more D341Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
Petroleum Products
petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel
components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of DynamicViscos-
products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
ity)
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of
D7042Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
meeting a specific viscosity.
Kinematic Viscosity)
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive
Excel Worksheet
packages, and products containing particulates.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at
standard.
constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
1.5 Logarithmsmaybeeithercommonlogarithmsornatural
3.1.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a com-
logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This
ponent to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the
×
base 10 exponential function, 10 , used herein. 3.1.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the
viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the components.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 dumbbell blend, n—ablendmadefromcomponentsof
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to widely differing viscosity.
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
3.1.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
use.
3.1.5 inverse blending method, n—an equation for calculat-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
ing the predicted blending fractions of components to achieve
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
a blend of given viscosity.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the mass of a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
component to the total mass of the blend.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.1.7 McCoull-Walther-WrightFunction,n—amathematical
transformation of viscosity, generally equal to the logarithm of
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7152–11. DOI: Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
10.1520/D7152-11R16E01. ADJD7152-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7152 − 11 (2016)
the logarithm of kinematic viscosity plus a constant, lo- weightingfactors.Thetwotemperaturesatwhichtheblendhas
g[log(v+0.7)]. For viscosities below 2mm /s, additional terms the reference viscosities are used to calculate the blend
are added to improve accuracy. viscosity at any other temperature.
3.1.8 modified ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending
4.2 The Inverse Wright Blending Method calculates the
method at constant temperature, using components in mass
blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend
percent.
viscosity from the known viscosities and temperatures of the
components. The viscosities and temperatures of the compo-
3.1.9 modified Wright Blending Method, n—a blending
nents and the blend are mathematically transformed into
method at constant viscosity, using components in mass
MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at
percent.
which each component has the target blend viscosity are
3.1.10 volume blend fraction, n—The ratio of the volume of
calculated. The component transformed temperatures are
a component to the total volume of the blend.
summed over all components, as a weighted average, to meet
3.1.11 Wright Blending Method, n—a blending method at
the target blend transformed temperature. The weighting fac-
constant viscosity, using components in volume percent.
tors are the desired blend fractions, which are obtained by
3.2 Symbols:
inverting the weighted summation equation.
4.3 TheASTM Blending Method calculates the viscosity of
f = blending fraction of component i calculated at tem-
ij
a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
perature t. Blending fraction may be in mass percent
j
viscositiesofthecomponentsatthesametemperatureandtheir
or volume percent.
blending fractions. The viscosities of the components and the
m = slope of the viscosity-temperature line,
i
blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-
~W 2 W !
i1 i0
Wright functions. The transformed viscosities are summed
T 2 T
~ !
i1 i0
over all components as a weighted average, with the blend
-1 fractions as the weighting factors.The transformed viscosity is
m = reciprocal of the viscosity-temperature slope, m
i i
untransformed into viscosity units.
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which the blend has
B
viscosity v
4.4 The Inverse ASTM Blending Method calculates the
B
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which component i has
ij blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend
viscosity v
viscosity at a given temperature from the known viscosities of
ij
T = transformed temperature
ij the components at the same temperature.The viscosities of the
componentsandtheblendaremathematicallytransformedinto
T 5 log 273.151t (1)
~ !
ij ij
MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The component trans-
formed viscosities are summed over all components, as a
v = predicted kinematic viscosity of the blend, in mm /s,
B
weighted average, to equal the target blend transformed vis-
at temperature t if component blend fractions are
B cosity. The weighting factors are the desired blend fractions,
known,ordesiredviscosityoftheblendifcomponent
which are obtained by inverting the weighted summation
blend fractions are being calculated
equation.
v = viscosity of component i at temperature t
ij j
W = MacCoull-Walther-Wright function, a transformation
ij
5. Significance and Use
of viscosity:
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a
W 5 log@log~v 10.71exp~21.47 2 1.84v 2 0.51v !!#
ij ij ij ij
common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the
(2)
ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be
where log is the common logarithm (base 10) and
used to solve this problem.
exp(x) is e (2.716.) raised to the power x.
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend
W = arbitrary high reference viscosity, transformed using
H fractionsofcomponentstomeetaspecifiedviscosityatagiven
Eq 2
temperaturemayalsobesolvedusingeithertheInverseWright
W = arbitrary low reference viscosity, transformed using
L
Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
Eq 2
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred
since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate.
4. Summary of Practice
The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities
4.1 TheWright Blending Method calculates the viscosity of
to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending
a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when
viscosities, temperatures, and blending fractions of the com-
viscosities are known at a single temperature.
ponents. The viscosities and temperatures of the components
and the blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull- 5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic
Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at which each viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic
component has two reference viscosities are calculated. The viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with
transformed reference temperatures are summed over all com- minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ
ponents as a weighted average, with the blend fractions as the greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending
´1
D7152 − 11 (2016)
usingmassfractionsgavemoreaccurateresults.Forbasestock where Z' and Z are the results of intermediate calculation
B B
blends, there was no significant difference between mass steps with no physical meaning.
fraction and volume fraction calculations.
NOTE 2—For viscosities between 0.12 and 1000 mm /s, the transform-
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been ing Eq 3 and Eq 4 and the untransforming equations Eq 9 and Eq 10 have
a discrepancy less than 0.0004 mm /s.
computerizedasaspreadsheetandareavailableasanadjunct.
NOTE 3—See the worked example in Appendix X3.
6. Procedure
Procedure B
Procedure A
6.2 Calculating the Blend Fractions of Components to Give
6.1 CalculatingtheViscosityofaBlendofComponentsWith a Target Viscosity Using the Inverse Wright Blending Method:
Known Blending Fractions by the Wright Blending Method:
6.2.1 Thissectiondescribesthegeneralproceduretopredict
6.1.1 Thissectiondescribesthegeneralproceduretopredict
the required blending fractions of two components to meet a
the viscosity of a blend, given the viscosity-temperature
target blend viscosity at a given temperature, given the
properties of the components and their blend fractions. Any
viscosity-temperature properties of the components. This is
number of components may be included. If the blend fractions
known as the Inverse Wright Blending Method.
are in volume percent, this is known as the Wright Blending
6.2.1.1 In principle, the blend fractions may be calculated
Method. If the blend fractions are in mass percent, this is
for more than two blending components, if additional con-
known as the Modified Wright Blending Method.
straints are specified for the final blend. Such calculations are
6.1.2 Compile, for each component, its blend fraction, and
beyond the scope of this practice.
viscositiesattwotemperatures.Theviscosityofcomponentiat
6.2.2 Compile the viscosities of the components at two
temperaturet isdesignatedv ,anditsblendfractionisf.Ifthe
ij ij i
temperatureseach.Theviscosityofcomponentiattemperature
viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable test
t is designated v . If the viscosities are not known, measure
ij ij
method.Thetwotemperaturesmaybethesameordifferentfor
themusingasuitabletestmethod.Thetwotemperaturesdonot
each component.
have to be the same for both components, nor do they have to
be the same as the temperature at which the target viscosity is
NOTE 1—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
this purpose. specified.
6.1.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the
NOTE 4—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
components as follows:
this purpose.
Z 5 v 10.71exp~21.47 2 1.84v 2 0.51v ! (3)
ij ij ij ij 6.2.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the
components using Eq 3, Eq 4, and Eq 5.
W 5 log@log~Z !# (4)
ij ij
6.2.4 Use the target blend viscosity, v , as a reference
B
T 5 log t 1273.15 (5)
@ #
ij ij
viscosity. Transform v to W using equations Eq 3 and Eq 4.
B B
where v is the kinematic viscosity, in mm /s, of component
ij
6.2.5 Calculate the transformed temperatures at which each
i at temperature t in degrees Celsius, exp() is e (2.716) raised
ij
component has that viscosity:
to the power x, and log is the common logarithm (base 10).
2 ~T 2 T !
i1 i0
6.1.3.1 If the kinematic viscosity is greater than 2 mm /s,
T 5 W 2 W 1T (11)
~ !
iL L i0 i0
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
the exponential term in Eq 3 is insignificant and may be
omitted.
6.2.6 Calculate the predicted blend fraction of the first
6.1.3.2 Transform the temperature at which the blend vis-
component:
cosity is desired using Eq 5. This transformed temperature is
T 2 T
~ !
B 0L
designated T .
B f 5 (12)
~T 2 T !
1A 0L
6.1.4 Calculate the inverse slope for each component, as
follows:
and the fraction of the second component is f =(1– f )
2 1
because the total of the two components is 100%.
T 2 T
~ !
i1 i0
m 5 (6)
i
~W 2 W !
i1 i0
NOTE 5—See the worked example in Appendix X4.
6.1.5 Calculate the predicted transformed viscosity, W ,of
B
Procedure C
the blend at temperature T , as follows:
B
6.3 CalculatingtheViscosityofaBlendofComponentsWith
T 1 f m W 2 T
~ !
B i i i0 i0
(
Known Blending Fractions Using the ASTM Blending Method:
W 5 (7)
B
f m
~ !
( i i
6.3.1 Thissectiondescribesthegeneralproceduretopredict
the viscosity of a blend at a given temperature, given the
where the sum is over all components.
viscositiesofthecomponentsatthesametemperatureandtheir
6.1.6 Calculatetheuntransformedviscosityoftheblend, ν ,
B
blend fractions. Any number of components may be included.
at the given temperature:
If the blend fractions are in volume percent, this is known as
W
B
Z' 5 10 (8)
B
theASTM Blen
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D7152 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially updated Footnote 3 in February 2020.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more
petroleum products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related
products, from their kinematic viscosities and blend fractions. and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ity)
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
meeting a specific viscosity.
Kinematic Viscosity)
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive
Excel Worksheet
packages, and products containing particulates.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at
standard.
constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural
3.1.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a com-
logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This
ponent to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
practice uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the
×
base 10 exponential function, 10 , used herein. 3.1.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the
viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the components.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.4 dumbbell blend, n—a blend made from components of
widely differing viscosity.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and to
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to
3.1.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
use.
3.1.5 inverse blending method, n—an equation for calculat-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
ing the predicted blending fractions of components to achieve
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
a blend of given viscosity.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the mass of a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
component to the total mass of the blend.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.1.7 McCoull-Walther-Wright Function, n—a mathematical
transformation of viscosity, generally equal to the logarithm of
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7152 – 11. DOI: Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
10.1520/D7152-11R16E01. ADJD7152-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D7152 − 11 (2016)
the logarithm of kinematic viscosity plus a constant, lo- weighting factors. The two temperatures at which the blend has
g[log(v+0.7)]. For viscosities below 2 mm /s, additional terms the reference viscosities are used to calculate the blend
are added to improve accuracy. viscosity at any other temperature.
3.1.8 modified ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending
4.2 The Inverse Wright Blending Method calculates the
method at constant temperature, using components in mass
blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend
percent.
viscosity from the known viscosities and temperatures of the
components. The viscosities and temperatures of the compo-
3.1.9 modified Wright Blending Method, n—a blending
nents and the blend are mathematically transformed into
method at constant viscosity, using components in mass
MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at
percent.
which each component has the target blend viscosity are
3.1.10 volume blend fraction, n—The ratio of the volume of
calculated. The component transformed temperatures are
a component to the total volume of the blend.
summed over all components, as a weighted average, to meet
3.1.11 Wright Blending Method, n—a blending method at
the target blend transformed temperature. The weighting fac-
constant viscosity, using components in volume percent.
tors are the desired blend fractions, which are obtained by
3.2 Symbols: inverting the weighted summation equation.
4.3 The ASTM Blending Method calculates the viscosity of
f = blending fraction of component i calculated at tem-
ij
a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
perature t . Blending fraction may be in mass percent
j
viscosities of the components at the same temperature and their
or volume percent.
blending fractions. The viscosities of the components and the
m = slope of the viscosity-temperature line,
i
blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
Wright functions. The transformed viscosities are summed
~T 2 T !
i1 i0
over all components as a weighted average, with the blend
-1 fractions as the weighting factors. The transformed viscosity is
m = reciprocal of the viscosity-temperature slope, m
i i
untransformed into viscosity units.
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which the blend has
B
viscosity v
4.4 The Inverse ASTM Blending Method calculates the
B
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which component i has
blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend
ij
viscosity v
ij viscosity at a given temperature from the known viscosities of
T = transformed temperature
ij the components at the same temperature. The viscosities of the
components and the blend are mathematically transformed into
T 5 log 273.151t (1)
~ !
ij ij
MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The component trans-
formed viscosities are summed over all components, as a
v = predicted kinematic viscosity of the blend, in mm /s,
B weighted average, to equal the target blend transformed vis-
at temperature t if component blend fractions are
B
cosity. The weighting factors are the desired blend fractions,
known, or desired viscosity of the blend if component
which are obtained by inverting the weighted summation
blend fractions are being calculated
equation.
v = viscosity of component i at temperature t
ij j
W = MacCoull-Walther-Wright function, a transformation
ij
5. Significance and Use
of viscosity:
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a
W 5 log log v 10.71exp 21.472 1.84v 2 0.51v
@ ~ ~ !!#
ij ij ij ij
common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the
(2)
ASTM Blending Method, described in this practice, may be
where log is the common logarithm (base 10) and
used to solve this problem.
exp(x) is e (2.716.) raised to the power x.
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend
W = arbitrary high reference viscosity, transformed using
H fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given
Eq 2
temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright
W = arbitrary low reference viscosity, transformed using
L
Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
Eq 2
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred
4. Summary of Practice since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate.
The Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities
4.1 The Wright Blending Method calculates the viscosity of
to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending
a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
Methods are mathematically simpler and may be used when
viscosities, temperatures, and blending fractions of the com-
viscosities are known at a single temperature.
ponents. The viscosities and temperatures of the components
and the blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull- 5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic
Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at which each viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic
component has two reference viscosities are calculated. The viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with
transformed reference temperatures are summed over all com- minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ
ponents as a weighted average, with the blend fractions as the greatly. For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending
´1
D7152 − 11 (2016)
using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock where Z' and Z are the results of intermediate calculation
B B
blends, there was no significant difference between mass steps with no physical meaning.
fraction and volume fraction calculations.
NOTE 2—For viscosities between 0.12 and 1000 mm /s, the transform-
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been ing Eq 3 and Eq 4 and the untransforming equations Eq 9 and Eq 10 have
a discrepancy less than 0.0004 mm /s.
computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.
NOTE 3—See the worked example in Appendix X3.
6. Procedure
Procedure B
Procedure A
6.2 Calculating the Blend Fractions of Components to Give
6.1 Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Components With a Target Viscosity Using the Inverse Wright Blending Method:
Known Blending Fractions by the Wright Blending Method:
6.2.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict
6.1.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict
the required blending fractions of two components to meet a
the viscosity of a blend, given the viscosity-temperature
target blend viscosity at a given temperature, given the
properties of the components and their blend fractions. Any
viscosity-temperature properties of the components. This is
number of components may be included. If the blend fractions
known as the Inverse Wright Blending Method.
are in volume percent, this is known as the Wright Blending
6.2.1.1 In principle, the blend fractions may be calculated
Method. If the blend fractions are in mass percent, this is
for more than two blending components, if additional con-
known as the Modified Wright Blending Method.
straints are specified for the final blend. Such calculations are
6.1.2 Compile, for each component, its blend fraction, and
beyond the scope of this practice.
viscosities at two temperatures. The viscosity of component i at
6.2.2 Compile the viscosities of the components at two
temperature t is designated v , and its blend fraction is f . If the
ij ij i
temperatures each. The viscosity of component i at temperature
viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable test
t is designated v . If the viscosities are not known, measure
ij ij
method. The two temperatures may be the same or different for
them using a suitable test method. The two temperatures do not
each component.
have to be the same for both components, nor do they have to
be the same as the temperature at which the target viscosity is
NOTE 1—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
this purpose.
specified.
6.1.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the
NOTE 4—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for
components as follows:
this purpose.
Z 5 v 10.71exp 21.472 1.84v 2 0.51v (3)
~ !
6.2.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the
ij ij ij ij
components using Eq 3, Eq 4, and Eq 5.
W 5 log log Z (4)
@ ~ !#
ij ij
6.2.4 Use the target blend viscosity, v , as a reference
B
T 5 log@t 1273.15# (5)
ij ij
viscosity. Transform v to W using equations Eq 3 and Eq 4.
B B
where v is the kinematic viscosity, in mm /s, of component
ij
6.2.5 Calculate the transformed temperatures at which each
i at temperature t in degrees Celsius, exp() is e (2.716) raised
ij
component has that viscosity:
to the power x, and log is the common logarithm (base 10).
2 T 2 T
~ !
i1 i0
6.1.3.1 If the kinematic viscosity is greater than 2 mm /s,
T 5 ~W 2 W !1T (11)
iL L i0 i0
~W 2 W !
i1 i0
the exponential term in Eq 3 is insignificant and may be
omitted.
6.2.6 Calculate the predicted blend fraction of the first
6.1.3.2 Transform the temperature at which the blend vis-
component:
cosity is desired using Eq 5. This transformed temperature is
T 2 T
~ !
B 0L
designated T .
f 5 (12)
B
T 2 T
~ !
1A 0L
6.1.4 Calculate the inverse slope for each component, as
follows:
and the fraction of the second component is f = (1 – f )
2 1
because the total of the two components is 100 %.
~T 2 T !
i1 i0
m 5 (6)
i
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
NOTE 5—See the worked example in Appendix X4.
6.1.5 Calculate the predicted transformed viscosity, W , of
B
Procedure C
the blend at temperature T , as follows:
B
6.3 Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Components With
T 1 f ~m W 2 T !
B ( i i i0 i0
Known Blending Fractions Using the ASTM Blending Method:
W 5 (7)
B
f m
~ !
( i i
6.3.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict
the viscosity of a blend at a given temperature, given the
where the sum is over all components.
viscosities of the components at the same temperature and their
6.1.6 Calculate the untransformed viscosity of the blend, ν ,
B
blend fractions. Any number of components may be included.
at the given temperature:
If the blend fractions
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D7152 − 11 (Reapproved 2016) D7152 − 11 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7152; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially updated Footnote 3 in February 2020.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the estimated kinematic viscosity of a blend of two or more petroleum
products, such as lubricating oil base stocks, fuel components, residua with kerosine, crude oils, and related products, from their
kinematic viscosities and blend fractions.
1.2 This practice allows for the estimation of the fraction of each of two petroleum products needed to prepare a blend meeting
a specific viscosity.
1.3 This practice may not be applicable to other types of products, or to materials which exhibit strong non-Newtonian
properties, such as viscosity index improvers, additive packages, and products containing particulates.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 Logarithms may be either common logarithms or natural logarithms, as long as the same are used consistently. This practice
uses common logarithms. If natural logarithms are used, the inverse function, exp(×), must be used in place of the base 10
×
exponential function, 10 , used herein.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and to determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of Kinematic
Viscosity)
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Petroleum Products Excel Worksheet
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant temperature, using components in volume percent.
3.1.2 blend fraction, n—the ratio of the amount of a component to the total amount of the blend. Blend fraction may be
expressed as mass percent or volume percent.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7152 – 11. DOI:
10.1520/D7152-11R16.10.1520/D7152-11R16E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD7152ADJD7152-EA. Original adjunct produced in 2006.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7152 − 11 (2016)
3.1.3 blending method, n—an equation for calculating the viscosity of a blend of components from the known viscosities of the
components.
3.1.4 dumbbell blend, n—a blend made from components of widely differing viscosity.
3.1.4.1 Example—a blend of S100N and Bright Stock.
3.1.5 inverse blending method, n—an equation for calculating the predicted blending fractions of components to achieve a blend
of given viscosity.
3.1.6 mass blend fraction, n—The ratio of the mass of a component to the total mass of the blend.
3.1.7 McCoull-Walther-Wright Function, n—a mathematical transformation of viscosity, generally equal to the logarithm of the
logarithm of kinematic viscosity plus a constant, log[log(v+0.7)]. For viscosities below 2 mm /s, additional terms are added to
improve accuracy.
3.1.8 modified ASTM Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant temperature, using components in mass percent.
3.1.9 modified Wright Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant viscosity, using components in mass percent.
3.1.10 volume blend fraction, n—The ratio of the volume of a component to the total volume of the blend.
3.1.11 Wright Blending Method, n—a blending method at constant viscosity, using components in volume percent.
3.2 Symbols:
f = blending fraction of component i calculated at temperature t . Blending fraction may be in mass percent or volume
ij j
percent.
m = slope of the viscosity-temperature line,
i
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
~T 2 T !
i1 i0
-1
m = reciprocal of the viscosity-temperature slope, m
i i
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which the blend has viscosity v
B B
t = temperature, in Celsius, at which component i has viscosity v
ij ij
T = transformed temperature
ij
T 5 log~273.151t ! (1)
ij ij
v = predicted kinematic viscosity of the blend, in mm /s, at temperature t if component blend fractions are known, or desired
B B
viscosity of the blend if component blend fractions are being calculated
v = viscosity of component i at temperature t
ij j
W = MacCoull-Walther-Wright function, a transformation of viscosity:
ij
W 5 log@log~v 10.71exp~21.47 2 1.84v 2 0.51v !!# (2)
ij ij ij ij
where log is the common logarithm (base 10) and exp(x) is e (2.716.) raised to the power x.
W = arbitrary high reference viscosity, transformed using Eq 2
H
W = arbitrary low reference viscosity, transformed using Eq 2
L
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 The Wright Blending Method calculates the viscosity of a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
viscosities, temperatures, and blending fractions of the components. The viscosities and temperatures of the components and the
blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at which each component has
two reference viscosities are calculated. The transformed reference temperatures are summed over all components as a weighted
average, with the blend fractions as the weighting factors. The two temperatures at which the blend has the reference viscosities
are used to calculate the blend viscosity at any other temperature.
4.2 The Inverse Wright Blending Method calculates the blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend viscosity
from the known viscosities and temperatures of the components. The viscosities and temperatures of the components and the blend
are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The temperatures at which each component has the
target blend viscosity are calculated. The component transformed temperatures are summed over all components, as a weighted
average, to meet the target blend transformed temperature. The weighting factors are the desired blend fractions, which are
obtained by inverting the weighted summation equation.
4.3 The ASTM Blending Method calculates the viscosity of a blend of components at a given temperature from the known
viscosities of the components at the same temperature and their blending fractions. The viscosities of the components and the blend
´1
D7152 − 11 (2016)
are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The transformed viscosities are summed over all
components as a weighted average, with the blend fractions as the weighting factors. The transformed viscosity is untransformed
into viscosity units.
4.4 The Inverse ASTM Blending Method calculates the blend fractions of components required to meet a target blend viscosity
at a given temperature from the known viscosities of the components at the same temperature. The viscosities of the components
and the blend are mathematically transformed into MacCoull-Walther-Wright functions. The component transformed viscosities
are summed over all components, as a weighted average, to equal the target blend transformed viscosity. The weighting factors
are the desired blend fractions, which are obtained by inverting the weighted summation equation.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Predicting the viscosity of a blend of components is a common problem. Both the Wright Blending Method and the ASTM
Blending Method, described in this practice, may be used to solve this problem.
5.2 The inverse problem, predicating the required blend fractions of components to meet a specified viscosity at a given
temperature may also be solved using either the Inverse Wright Blending Method or the Inverse ASTM Blending Method.
5.3 The Wright Blending Methods are generally preferred since they have a firmer basis in theory, and are more accurate. The
Wright Blending Methods require component viscosities to be known at two temperatures. The ASTM Blending Methods are
mathematically simpler and may be used when viscosities are known at a single temperature.
5.4 Although this practice was developed using kinematic viscosity and volume fraction of each component, the dynamic
viscosity or mass fraction, or both, may be used instead with minimal error if the densities of the components do not differ greatly.
For fuel blends, it was found that viscosity blending using mass fractions gave more accurate results. For base stock blends, there
was no significant difference between mass fraction and volume fraction calculations.
5.5 The calculations described in this practice have been computerized as a spreadsheet and are available as an adjunct.
6. Procedure
Procedure A
6.1 Calculating the Viscosity of a Blend of Components With Known Blending Fractions by the Wright Blending Method:
6.1.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict the viscosity of a blend, given the viscosity-temperature properties
of the components and their blend fractions. Any number of components may be included. If the blend fractions are in volume
percent, this is known as the Wright Blending Method. If the blend fractions are in mass percent, this is known as the Modified
Wright Blending Method.
6.1.2 Compile, for each component, its blend fraction, and viscosities at two temperatures. The viscosity of component i at
temperature t is designated v , and its blend fraction is f . If the viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable test
ij ij i
method. The two temperatures may be the same or different for each component.
NOTE 1—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for this purpose.
6.1.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the components as follows:
Z 5 v 10.71exp~21.47 2 1.84v 2 0.51v ! (3)
ij ij ij ij
W 5 log log Z (4)
@ ~ !#
ij ij
T 5 log t 1273.15 (5)
@ #
ij ij
where v is the kinematic viscosity, in mm /s, of component i at temperature t in degrees Celsius, exp() is e (2.716) raised to
ij ij
the power x, and log is the common logarithm (base 10).
6.1.3.1 If the kinematic viscosity is greater than 2 mm /s, the exponential term in Eq 3 is insignificant and may be omitted.
6.1.3.2 Transform the temperature at which the blend viscosity is desired using Eq 5. This transformed temperature is designated
T .
B
6.1.4 Calculate the inverse slope for each component, as follows:
~T 2 T !
i1 i0
m 5 (6)
i
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
6.1.5 Calculate the predicted transformed viscosity, W , of the blend at temperature T , as follows:
B B
T 1 f m W 2 T
~ !
B i i i0 i0
(
W 5 (7)
B
f m
~ !
( i i
where the sum is over all components.
6.1.6 Calculate the untransformed viscosity of the blend, ν , at the given temperature:
B
W
B
Z' 5 10 (8)
B
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D7152 − 11 (2016)
Z'
B
Z 5 10 2 0.7 (9)
B
2 3
v 5 Z 2 exp@20.7487 2 3.295Z 10.6119Z 2 0.3193Z # (10)
B B B B B
where Z' and Z are the results of intermediate calculation steps with no physical meaning.
B B
NOTE 2—For viscosities between 0.12 and 1000 mm /s, the transforming Eq 3 and Eq 4 and the untransforming equations Eq 9 and Eq 10 have a
discrepancy less than 0.0004 mm /s.
NOTE 3—See the worked example in Appendix X3.
Procedure B
6.2 Calculating the Blend Fractions of Components to Give a Target Viscosity Using the Inverse Wright Blending Method:
6.2.1 This section describes the general procedure to predict the required blending fractions of two components to meet a target
blend viscosity at a given temperature, given the viscosity-temperature properties of the components. This is known as the Inverse
Wright Blending Method.
6.2.1.1 In principle, the blend fractions may be calculated for more than two blending components, if additional constraints are
specified for the final blend. Such calculations are beyond the scope of this practice.
6.2.2 Compile the viscosities of the components at two temperatures each. The viscosity of component i at temperature t is
ij
designated v . If the viscosities are not known, measure them using a suitable test method. The two temperatures do not have to
ij
be the same for both components, nor do they have to be the same as the temperature at which the target viscosity is specified.
NOTE 4—Test Methods D445 and D7042 have been found suitable for this purpose.
6.2.3 Transform the viscosities and temperatures of the components using Eq 3, Eq 4, and Eq 5.
6.2.4 Use the target blend viscosity, v , as a reference viscosity. Transform v to W using equations Eq 3 and Eq 4.
B B B
6.2.5 Calculate the transformed temperatures at which each component has that viscosity:
~T 2 T !
i1 i0
T 5 W 2 W 1T (11)
~ !
iL L i0 i0
W 2 W
~ !
i1 i0
6.2.6 Calculate the predicted blend fraction of the first component:
~T 2 T !
B 0L
f 5 (12)
T 2 T
~ !
1A 0L
and the fraction of the second component is f = (1 – f ) because the to
...
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