iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D6687-07(2020)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof

Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof

ABSTRACT
This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and their components thereof. Included here are methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).2  
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.  
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2020
ICS
37.100.10 - Reproduction equipment
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.37 - Ink Vehicles
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6687-07(2013) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Referred By
ASTM D7188-05(2019) - Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020

Buy Standard

ASTM D6687-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components ThereofASTM D6687-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
PreviousNext
Guide
ASTM D6687-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
English language
4 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6687 − 07 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Testing Printing Ink Vehicles and Components Thereof
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices,
guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and
2. Terminology
evaluationofprintinginkvehiclesandcomponentsthereof(see
2.1 Definitions:
Table 1).
2.1.1 printing ink, n—a colored or pigmented liquid or paste
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test
composition that is applied by printing machinery.
impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with
2.1.1.1 Discussion—Printing inks may contain vehicles,
letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw
colorants, waxes, solvents, and other additives. Bulk inks are
materials and analytical tests in general have been included.
tested for dispersion, tinting strength, density, heat and storage
stability, rheology, and printing properties.
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be
applicable.
2.1.2 vehicle, n—the portion of a printing ink that excludes
the colorant.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.1.2.1 Discussion—Ink vehicles typically include the resin/
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
solvent portion of the printing ink. Other printing ink additives,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
generally not included in the vehicle, are waxes, antioxidants
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and driers.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3. Test Categories
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1 For convenience in selection, the test methods,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
practices, guides, and specifications listed in this guide are
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
listed numerically (see Table 1) and by property of interest (see
Table 2).
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of 4. Precision and Bias
Subcommittee D01.37 on Ink Vehicles.
4.1 If available, precision for each test method listed can be
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020. Published September 2020. Originally
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6687 – 07 (2013). found in the latest revision of that test method.
DOI: 10.1520/D6687-07R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 5. Keywords
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1 printing inks; printing ink vehicles; test methods and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. practices (tabulation of); vehicles
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6687 − 07 (2020)
TABLE 1 Numerical Listing of Ink Vehicle Related Standards
ASTM Designation Volume Title
D16 06.01 Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials and Applications
D56 05.01 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
D86 05.01 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D92 05.01 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
D93 05.01 Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
D154 06.03 Guide for Testing Varnishes
D156 05.01 Test Method for Saybolt Color of Petroleum Products (Saybolt Chromometer Method)
D445 05.01 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D562 06.01 Test Method for Consistency of Paints Measuring Krebs Unit (KU) Viscosity Using a Stormer-Type Viscometer
D611 05.01 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D971 10.03 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring Method
D1133 06.04 Test Method for Kauri-Butanol Value of Hydrocarbon Solvents
D1200 06.01 Test Method for Viscosity by Ford Viscosity Cup
D1218 05.01 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
D1259 06.01 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Resin Solutions
D1310 06.01 Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus
D1331 15.04 Test Methods for Surface and Interfacial Tension of Solutions of Surface-Active Agents
D1353 06.04 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
D1475 06.01 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D1544 06.01 Test Method for Color of Transparent Liquids (Gardner Color Scale)
D1545 06.03 Test Method for Viscosity of Transparent Liquids by Bubble Time Method
D1639 06.03 Test Method for Acid Value of Organic Coating Materials
D1725 06.03 Test Method for Viscosity of Resin Solutions
D2074 06.03 Test Methods for Total, Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Amine Values of Fatty Amines by Alternative Indicator Method
D2196 06.01 Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield Type) Viscometer
D2369 06.01 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings
D3278 06.01 Test Method for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale Closed-Cup Apparatus
D3792 06.01 Test Method for Water Content of Coatings by Direct Injection Into a Gas Chromatograph
D3825 05.02 Test Method for Dynamic Surface Tension by the Fast-Bubble Technique
D3828 05.02 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester
D3934 06.01 Test Method for Flash/No Flash Test- Equilibrium Method by a Closed-Cup Apparatus
D3960 06.01 Practice For Determining Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
D4017 06.01 Test Method for Water in Paints and Paint Materials by Karl Fischer Method
D4040 06.02 Test Method for Rheological Properties of Paste Printing and Vehicles by the Falling-Rod Viscometer
D4052 05.02 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4212 06.01 Test Method for Viscosity by Dip-Type Viscosity Cups
D4287 06.01 Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
D4302 06.02 Specification For Artists’ Oil, Resin-Oil, and Alkyd Paints
D4359 06.01 Test Method for Determining Whether a Material is a Liquid or a Solid
D4361 06.02 Test Method for Apparent Tack of Printing Inks and Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter
D4713 06.02 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Heatset and Liquid Printing Ink Systems
D4758 06.03 Test Method for Nonvolatile Content of Latexes
D4942 06.02 Test Methods for Water Pickup of Lithographic Printing Inks and Vehicles in a Laboratory Mixer
D5010 06.02 Guide for Testing Printing Inks and Related Materials
D5062 06.03 Test Method for Resin Solution Dilutability by Volumetric/Gravimetric Determination
D5165 06.03 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicles Using a Resin Kettle
D5166 06.03 Practice for Laboratory Preparation of Gelled Vehicle Samples Using a Microwave Oven
D5661 06.03 Test Method for Relative Solvency of Petroleum Oils by the PKP Method
D5958 06.03 Practices for Preparation of Oil-Based Ink Resin Solutions
D6038 06.03 Test Method for Determining the Compatibility of Resin/Solvent Mixtures by Precipitation Temperature (Cloud Point)
D6336 06.03 Practice for Evaluation of
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7805-13(2021)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5181-09(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Abrasion resistance during transport and storage is essential to prevent marring of type matter, designs, or protective coatings on the exterior of labels and other printed materials. Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasion occurring in the field depends on relative humidity, temperature, tightness of packing, and a host of other variables, this test method provides a rapid means for comparing the abrasion resistance of test surfaces under laboratory conditions. It is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to evaluate the relative abrasion resistance of printed inks, varnishes, laminates and substrates, and the abrasiveness of inks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the abrasion resistance of printed matter using a GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to packaging labels, book, catalog, and magazine covers, bar codes, corrugated boxes, and other containers having applied graphics on any flat substrate. It is not recommended for powder coatings.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D7805-13(2021)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology for Printing Ink Vehicles and Related Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5375/D5375M-98(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Liner Removal at High Speeds from Pressure-Sensitive Label Stock

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are a tool for development and quality assurance use. Given a specific pressure-sensitive label and liner and a requirement in terms of the minimum for maximum peel value expected for this liner removal from the label, the data from the test can be used in conjunction with acceptance criteria.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the adherence of the release liner to the adhesive of a pressure-sensitive adhesive label.  
1.2 These test methods provide means of assessing the uniformity of the adhesion to the liner of a given type of pressure-sensitive label. The assessment may be within a sheet or roll between sheets or rolls or between production lots.  
1.3 Variation in the label backing, liner, liner release coating, adhesive, and adhesive coating weight, affect the response. Therefore, these methods cannot be used to pinpoint the specific cause(s) of nonuniformity.  
1.4 These test methods may not be appropriate to test labels having either relatively stiff backings or stiff liners, or backings showing high stretch at low forces. These characteristics will result in a high variability of the test response that is not a true indication of the real nature of the adhesive bond.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently, without combining values in any way.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5264-98(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Abrasion resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical property of printed materials. Abrasion damage can occur during shipment, storage, handling, and end use. The result is a significant decrease in product appearance and legibility of product information. The amount of abrasion damage to a printed substrate is dependent on shipping conditions, possibly temperature and humidity, time, and many other variables. This practice provides a way of comparing abrasion resistance of printed materials under laboratory conditions.  
5.2 This practice also can be used to evaluate the relative abrasion resistance of printed inks, coatings, laminates, and substrates.  
5.3 This practice can be modified to measure the effects of the product (detergent powder, food, beverages, etc.) on abrasion resistance, as may occur in spillage or leakage in transit.  
5.4 This practice can provide a reasonably simple procedure that can be used by both the buyer and the seller of printed materials to determine if the product offered for sale meets some predetermined standard for abrasion or scuff resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the abrasion resistance of printed materials using the Sutherland Rub Tester, or its equivalent, equipped with full-width rubber pads and using standardized receptors.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to labels, folding cartons, corrugated boxes, inserts, circulars, and other packaging materials having applied graphics on a flat substrate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5181-09(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Printed Matter by the GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Abrasion resistance during transport and storage is essential to prevent marring of type matter, designs, or protective coatings on the exterior of labels and other printed materials. Recognizing that the actual amount of abrasion occurring in the field depends on relative humidity, temperature, tightness of packing, and a host of other variables, this test method provides a rapid means for comparing the abrasion resistance of test surfaces under laboratory conditions. It is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.  
5.2 This test method can also be used to evaluate the relative abrasion resistance of printed inks, varnishes, laminates and substrates, and the abrasiveness of inks.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the abrasion resistance of printed matter using a GA-CAT Comprehensive Abrasion Tester.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to packaging labels, book, catalog, and magazine covers, bar codes, corrugated boxes, and other containers having applied graphics on any flat substrate. It is not recommended for powder coatings.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6152/D6152M-12(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for SEBS-Modified Mopping Asphalt Used in Roofing

ABSTRACT
This specification covers SEBS (styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene)-modified mopping asphalt intended for use in built-up roof construction, construction of some modified bitumen systems, construction of bituminous vapor retarder systems, and for adhering insulation boards used in various types of roofing systems. This specification is intended as a material specification and issues regarding the suitability of specific roof constructions or application techniques are beyond its scope. The specified tests and property values are intended to establish minimum properties. In place system design criteria or performance attributes are factors beyond the scope of this specification. The base asphalt shall be prepared from crude petroleum and the SEBS-modified asphalt shall incorporate sufficient SEBS as the primary polymeric modifier. The SEBS modified asphalt shall be homogeneous and free of water and shall conform to the prescribed physical properties including (1) softening point before and after heat exposure, (2) softening point change, (3) flash point, (4) penetration before and after heat exposure, (5) penetration change, (6) solubility in trichloroethylene, (7) tensile elongation, (8) elastic recovery, and (9) low temperature flexibility. The sampling and test methods to determine compliance with the specified physical properties, as well as the evaluation for stability during heat exposure are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene)-modified asphalt intended for use in built-up roof construction, construction of some modified bitumen systems, construction of bituminous vapor retarder systems, and for adhering insulation boards used in various types of roof systems.  
1.2 This specification is intended as a material specification. Issues regarding the suitability of specific roof constructions or application techniques are beyond its scope.  
1.3 The specified tests and property values used to characterize SEBS-modified asphalt are intended to establish minimum properties. In-place system design criteria or performance attributes are factors beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5643/D5643M-06(2024)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, Asbestos Free

ABSTRACT
This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems. The chemical composition of coal tar roof cement shall conform to the requirements prescribed. The water, non-volatile matter, insoluble matter, behaviour at 60 deg. C, adhesion to wet surfaces, and flash point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers coal tar roof cement suitable for trowel application in coal tar roofing and flashing systems.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    2 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Technical specification
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D8165-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off