ASTM B822-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related Compounds by Light Scattering
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Reported particle size measurement is a function of both the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.
It is important to recognize that the results obtained by this test method, or any other method for particle size determination using different physical principles, may disagree. The results are strongly influenced by the physical principles employed by each method of particle size analysis. The results of any particle sizing method should be used only in a relative sense; they should not be regarded as absolute when comparing results obtained by other methods.
Light scattering theory has been available for many years for use in the determination of particle size. Several manufacturers of testing equipment now have units based on these principles. Although each type of testing equipment uses the same basic principles for light scattering as a function of particle size, different assumptions pertinent to application of the theory, and different models for converting light measurements to particle size, may lead to different results for each instrument. Therefore, the use of this test method cannot guarantee directly comparable results from different types of instruments.
Knowledge of the particle size distribution of metal powders is useful in predicting the powder-processing behavior and ultimate performance of powder metallurgy parts. Particle size distribution is related closely to the flowability, moldability, compressibility, and die-filling characteristics of a powder, as well as to the final structure and properties of finished powder metallurgy (P/M) parts.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution by light scattering, reported as volume percent, of particulate materials including metals and compounds.
1.2 This test method applies to analyses with both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, analysis can be performed with a gaseous dispersion for materials that are hygroscopic or react with a liquid carrier.
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of particulate materials in the range of 0.4 to 2000 μm, or a subset of that range, as applicable to the particle size distribution being measured.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: B822 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related
1
Compounds by Light Scattering
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3. Terminology
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheparticle 3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy terms
size distribution by light scattering, reported as volume
can be found in Terminology B243.
percent, of particulate materials including metals and com-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
pounds.
3.2.1 background—extraneous scattering of light by ele-
1.2 This test method applies to analyses with both aqueous
ments other than the particles to be measured; includes
and nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, analysis can be
scattering by contamination in the measurement path.
performed with a gaseous dispersion for materials that are
3.2.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction—the optical theory that de-
hygroscopic or react with a liquid carrier.
scribes the low-angle scattering of light by particles that are
4
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of
large compared to the wavelength of the incident light.
particulate materials in the range of 0.4 to 2000 µm, or a subset
3.2.3 Mie Scattering—the complex electromagnetic theory
of that range, as applicable to the particle size distribution
that describes the scattering of light by spherical particles. It is
being measured.
usually applied to particles with diameters that are close to the
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
wavelength of the incident light. The real and imaginary
4
standard.
indices of light refraction of the particles are needed.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.4 multiple scattering—the rescattering of light by a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
particle in the path of light scattered by another particle. This
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
usually occurs in heavy concentrations of a particle dispersion.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Aprepared sample of particulate material is dispersed in
2. Referenced Documents
water, or a compatible organic liquid, and circulated through
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the path of a light beam or some other suitable light source.A
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
dry sample may be aspirated through the light in a carrier gas.
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
The particles pass through the light beam and scatter it.
B821 Guide for Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and
Photodetectorarrayscollectthescatteredlightthatisconverted
Related Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
to electrical signals, which are then analyzed in a micropro-
E1617 Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization
cessor. The signal is converted to a size distribution using
Data
Fraunhofer Diffraction or Mie Scattering, or a combination of
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
both. Scattering information is analyzed assuming a spherical
ISO13320-1 Particle Size Analysis—Laser Diffraction
model. Calculated particle sizes are therefore presented as
Methods—Part 1: General Principles
equivalent spherical diameters.Additional information pertain-
ing to the general principles of particle size distribution
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal
analysis by light scattering can be found in ISO Standard
Powders and Metal Powder Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommit-
13320-1.
tee B09.02 on Base Metal Powders.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
5. Significance and Use
published as B822 – 92. Last previous edition B822 – 02. DOI: 10.1520/B0822-10.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1 Reportedparticlesizemeasurementisafunctionofboth
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., Muly, E. C., Frock, H. N., “Industrial Particle Size Measurement Using Light
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. Scattering,” Optical Engineering, Vol 19, No 6, 1980, pp. 861–869.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM Internati
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:B822–02 Designation:B822–10
Standard Test Method for
Particle Size Distribution of Metal Powders and Related
1
Compounds by Light Scattering
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution by light scattering, reported as volume percent,
of particulate materials including metals and compounds.
1.2 This test method applies to analyses with both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, analysis can be performed
with a gaseous dispersion for materials that are hygroscopic or react with a liquid carrier.
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of particulate materials in the range of 0.4 to 2000 µm, or a subset of
that range, as applicable to the particle size distribution being measured.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B215 Practices for Sampling Metal Powders
B243 Terminology of Powder Metallurgy
B821 Guide for Liquid Dispersion of Metal Powders and Related Compounds for Particle Size Analysis
E1617 Practice for Reporting Particle Size Characterization Data
3
2.2 ISO StandardISO Standard: :
ISO13320-1 Particle Size Analysis—Laser Diffraction Methods—Part 1: General Principles
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of powder metallurgy terms can be found in Terminology B243.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 background—extraneous scattering of light by elements other than the particles to be measured; includes scattering by
contamination in the measurement path.
3.2.2 Fraunhofer Diffraction—the optical theory that describes the low-angle scattering of light by particles that are large
4
compared to the wavelength of the incident light.
3.2.3 Mie Scattering—the complex electromagnetic theory that describes the scattering of light by spherical particles. It is
usually applied to particles with diameters that are close to the wavelength of the incident light. The real and imaginary indices
4
of light refraction of the particles are needed.
3.2.4 multiple scattering—the rescattering of light by a particle in the path of light scattered by another particle. This usually
occurs in heavy concentrations of a particle dispersion.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A prepared sample of particulate material is dispersed in water, or a compatible organic liquid, and circulated through the
path of a light beam or some other suitable light source. A dry sample may be aspirated through the light in a carrier gas. The
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B09 on Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B09.02 on Base Metal Powders.
Current edition approved April 10, 2002. Published June 2002. Originally published as B822–92. Last previous edition B822–97. DOI: 10.1520/B0822-02.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally published as B822 – 92. Last previous edition B822 – 02. DOI: 10.1520/B0822-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
4
Muly, E. C., Frock, H. N., “Industrial Particle Size Measurement Using Light Scattering,” Optical Engineering, Vol 19, No 6, 1980, pp. 861–869.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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B822–10
particles pass through the light beam and scatter it. Photodetector arrays collect the scattered light that is converted to electrical
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