ASTM E7-22

Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards must be understood.  
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E04 - Metallography
• Drafting Committee: E04.02 - Terminology

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E7 − 22
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Metallography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E7; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to
properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms,
used in these standards must be understood.
and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of
metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have
relevant to a particular standard or that are adequately defined
precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must
in a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology
be completely understood in order to adequately communicate
standard.
in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallo-
source of terminology relating to the field of metallography
graphic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy,
facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
microindentationhardnesstesting,specimenpreparation,x-ray
and electron metallography, quantitative metallography,
4. Terminology
photomicrography, and determination of grain size and inclu-
Abbe condenser—see condenser, Abbe. (E175)
sion content.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing
aberration—any error that results in image degradation. Such
standards of Committee E04 as well as by those in need of a
errors may be chromatic, spherical, astigmatic, comatic,
general reference source for terminology in the field of
distortion,orcurvatureoffield;andcanresultfromdesignor
metallography.
execution, or both. (E175)
2. Referenced Documents
absorption—the decrease in intensity which radiation under-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
goes during its passage through matter when the ratio of
E45Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
transmitted or reflected luminous flux to incident is less than
Steel
1.
E80Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of
3
absorption coefficient—specific factor characteristic of a
MetallicMaterials;ReplacedbyE228(Withdrawn1986)
substance on which its absorption radiation depends. The
E112Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
3
rate of decrease of the natural logarithm of the intensity of a
E175Terminology of Microscopy (Withdrawn 2019)
parallel beam per unit distance traversed in a substance. For
E1122Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using
3
X-rays, the linear absorption coefficient is the natural loga-
Automatic Image Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
rithm of the ratio of the incident intensity of an X-ray beam
3. Significance and Use
incident on unit thickness of an absorbing material to the
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods,
intensity of the beam transmitted. If I is the incident inten-
e
practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform
sity of a beam of X-rays, Ithe transmitted intensity, and X
t
the thickness of the absorbing material, then:
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
I 5 I exp~2µX! (1)
t e
Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on
Here µ is the linear absorption coefficient. The mass absorp-
Terminology.
tion coefficient is given by µ/ρ where ρ is the density.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved 2017 as E7–17. DOI: 10.1520/
E0007-22. absorption edge—an abrupt change in absorption coefficient
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
at a particular wavelength. The absorption coefficient is
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
always larger on the short wavelength side of the absorption
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
edge.
the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. absorption limit—See absorption edge.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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E7−22
accelerating potential—a relatively high voltage applied be- alpha
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E7 − 17 E7 − 22
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Metallography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E7; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms, and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of
metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only relevant to a particular standard or that are adequately defined in
a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology standard.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallographic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy, microinden-
tation hardness testing, specimen preparation, x-ray and electron metallography, quantitative metallography, photomicrography,
and determination of grain size and inclusion content.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing standards of Committee E04 as well as by those in need of a general
reference source for terminology in the field of metallography.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
3
E80 Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of Metallic Materials; Replaced by E 228 (Withdrawn 1986)
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
3
E175 Terminology of Microscopy (Withdrawn 2019)
3
E1122 Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using Automatic Image Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Standards of Committee E04 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in
the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards
must be understood.
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely
understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology
relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017Oct. 1, 2022. Published July 2017October 2022. Originally approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved 20152017 as
E7 –15. –17. DOI: 10.1520/E0007-17.10.1520/E0007-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E7 − 22
4. Terminology
Abbe condenser—see condenser, Abbe. (E175)
aberration—any error that results in image degradation. Such errors may be chromatic, spherical, astigmatic, comatic,
distortion, or curvature of field; and can result from design or execution, or both. (E175)
absorption—the decrease in intensity which radiation undergoes during its passage through matter when the ratio of transmitted
or reflected luminous flux to incident is less than 1.
absorption coefficient—specific factor characteristic of a substance on which its absorption radiation depends. The rate of
decrease of the natural logarithm of the intensity of a parallel beam per unit distance traversed in a substance. For X-rays, the
linear absorption coefficient is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the incident intensity of an X-ray beam incident on unit
thickness of an absorbing material to the intensity of the beam transmitted. If I is the incident intensity of a beam of X-rays,
e
I the transmitted intensity, and X the thickness of the absorbing material, then:
t
I 5 I exp 2μX (1)
~ !
t e
Here μ is the linear absorption coefficient. The mass absorption coefficient is given by μ/ρ where ρ is the density.
absorption edge—an abrupt change in absorption coefficient at a p
...