ASTM E7-14

Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Standards of Committee E-4 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards must be understood.  
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2014
• ICS: 01.040.77 - Metallurgy (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E04 - Metallography
• Drafting Committee: E04.02 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E7-03(2009) - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Replaced By: ASTM E7-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Metallography
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Referred By: ASTM F561-19 - Standard Practice for Retrieval and Analysis of Medical Devices, and Associated Tissues and Fluids
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM D5596-03(2021) - Standard Test Method for Microscopic Evaluation of the Dispersion of Carbon Black in Polyolefin Geosynthetics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E768-99(2018) - Standard Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E1508-12a(2019) - Standard Guide for Quantitative Analysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E1181-02(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E1245-03(2023) - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM G209-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Detecting mu-phase in Wrought Nickel-Rich, Chromium, Molybdenum-Bearing Alloys
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E3-11(2017) - Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E45-18a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E2283-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM C1285-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Chemical Durability of Nuclear, Hazardous, and Mixed Waste Glasses and Multiphase Glass Ceramics: The Product Consistency Test (PCT)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014
• Referred By: ASTM E384-22 - Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2014

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E7 − 14
StandardTerminology Relating to
1
Metallography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E7; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope Automatic Image Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms,
3. Significance and Use
and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of
3.1 Standards of Committee E-4 consist of test methods,
metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only
practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform
relevant to a particular standard or that are adequately defined
testing in the field of metallography. In order for one to
in a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology
properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology
standard.
used in these standards must be understood.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallo-
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have
graphic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy,
precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must
microindentationhardnesstesting,specimenpreparation,x-ray
be completely understood in order to adequately communicate
and electron metallography, quantitative metallography,
in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general
photomicrography, and determination of grain size and inclu-
source of terminology relating to the field of metallography
sion content.
facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing
4. Terminology
standards of Committee E04 as well as by those in need of a
general reference source for terminology in the field of
absorption—the decrease in intensity which radiation under-
metallography.
goes during its passage through matter when the ratio of
transmitted or reflected luminous flux to incident is less than
2. Referenced Documents
1.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
absorption coefficient—specific factor characteristic of a
E80Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of
3 substance on which its absorption radiation depends. The
MetallicMaterials;ReplacedbyE228(Withdrawn1986)
rate of decrease of the natural logarithm of the intensity of a
E45Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
parallel beam per unit distance traversed in a substance. For
Steel
X-rays, the linear absorption coefficient is the natural loga-
E80Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of
3 rithm of the ratio of the incident intensity of an X-ray beam
MetallicMaterials;ReplacedbyE228(Withdrawn1986)
incident on unit thickness of an absorbing material to the
E92TestMethodforVickersHardnessofMetallicMaterials
3 intensity of the beam transmitted. If I is the incident inten-
e
(Withdrawn 2010)
sity of a beam of X-rays, Ithe transmitted intensity, and X
t
E112Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
the thickness of the absorbing material, then:
E1122Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using
I 5 I exp 2µX (1)
~ !
t e
Here µ is the linear absorption coefficient. The mass absorp-
tion coefficient is given by µ/ρ where ρ is the density.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on
Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on
absorption edge—an abrupt change in absorption coefficient
Terminology.
at a particular wavelength. The absorption coefficient is
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. Originally
approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved 2003 as E7–03(2009). DOI: always larger on the short wavelength side of the absorption
10.1520/E0007-14.
edge.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
absorption limit—See absorption edge.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
accelerating potential—a relatively high voltage applied be-
the ASTM website.
3
tweenthecathodeandanodeofanelectronguntoaccelerate
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. electrons.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E7−14
achromatic—literally, color-free.Alens or prism is said to be analyzer—an optical device, capable of producing plane
achromatic when corrected for two colors. The remaining polarized light, used for detecting t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E7 − 03 (Reapproved 2009) E7 − 14
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Metallography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E7; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard covers the definition of terms, acronyms, and symbols used in ASTM documents related to the field of
metallography and metallographic testing. Terms that are only relevant to a particular standard or that are adequately defined in
a general dictionary are not defined in this terminology standard.
1.2 This standard includes terminology used in metallographic areas, such as, but not limited to: light microscopy,
microindentation hardness testing, specimen preparation, x-ray and electron metallography, quantitative metallography,
photomicrography, and determination of grain size and inclusion content.
1.3 This standard may be of use to individuals utilizing standards of Committee E04 as well as by those in need of a general
reference source for terminology in the field of metallography.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E80 Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of Metallic Materials; Replaced by E 228 (Withdrawn 1986)
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
3
E80 Recommended Practice for Dilatometric Analysis of Metallic Materials; Replaced by E 228 (Withdrawn 1986)
3
E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Materials (Withdrawn 2010)
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
3
E1122 Practice for Obtaining JK Inclusion Ratings Using Automatic Image Analysis (Withdrawn 2006)
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Standards of Committee E-4 consist of test methods, practices, and guides developed to ensure proper and uniform testing
in the field of metallography. In order for one to properly use and interpret these standards, the terminology used in these standards
must be understood.
3.2 The terms used in the field of metallography have precise definitions. The terminology and its proper usage must be
completely understood in order to adequately communicate in this field. In this respect, this standard is also a general source of
terminology relating to the field of metallography facilitating the transfer of information within the field.
4. Terminology
absorption—the decrease in intensity which radiation undergoes during its passage through matter when the ratio of transmitted
or reflected luminous flux to incident is less than 1.
absorption coefficient—specific factor characteristic of a substance on which its absorption radiation depends. The rate of
decrease of the natural logarithm of the intensity of a parallel beam per unit distance traversed in a substance. For X-rays, the
linear absorption coefficient is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the incident intensity of an X-ray beam incident on unit
thickness of an absorbing material to the intensity of the beam transmitted. If I is the incident intensity of a beam of X-rays,
e
I the transmitted intensity, and X the thickness of the absorbing material, then:
t
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.02 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2014. Published March 2010February 2015. Originally approved in 1926. Last previous edition approved 2003 as
E7 – 03.E7 – 03(2009). DOI: 10.1520/E0007-03R09.10.1520/E0007-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E7 − 14
I 5 I exp 2μX (1)
~ !
t e
Here μ is the linear absorption coefficient. The mass absorption coefficient is given by μ/ρ where ρ is the density.
absorption edge—an abrupt change in absorption coefficient at a particular wavelength. The absorption coefficient is always larger
on the short wavelen
...