ASTM D198-08

Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;
Data for use in development of working stresses for structural members;
Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;
Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;
Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior of beams;
Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;
Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and
Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.
Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Special circumstances may require deviation from some details of these procedures. Any variations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
  Sections  Flexure 4-11 Compression (Short Column)13-20 Compression (Long Member)21-28 Tension29-36 Torsion37-44 Shear Modulus45-52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2008
• ICS: 79.040 - Wood, sawlogs and sawn timber
• Technical Committee: D07 - Wood
• Drafting Committee: D07.01 - Fundamental Test Methods and Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D198-05a - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Replaced By: ASTM D198-09 - Standard Test Methods of Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2009
• Referred By: ASTM D143-22 - Standard Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5055-19e1 - Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM E2954-15(2022) - Standard Test Method for Axial Compression Test of Reinforced Plastic and Polymer Matrix Composite Vertical Members
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D6570-18a(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Assigning Allowable Properties for Mechanically Graded Lumber
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5457-23 - Standard Specification for Computing Reference Resistance of Wood-Based Materials and Structural Connections for Load and Resistance Factor Design
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5456-21e1 - Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D6874-22a - Standard Test Methods for Nondestructive Evaluation of the Stiffness of Wood and Wood-Based Materials Using Transverse Vibration or Stress Wave Propagation
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7341-21 - Standard Practice for Establishing Characteristic Values for Flexural Properties of Structural Glued Laminated Timber by Full-Scale Testing
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D3737-18e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D1990-19 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7381-07(2021)e1 - Standard Practice for Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timbers for Piles from Tests of Full-Size Material
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7469-22 - Standard Test Methods for End Joints in Structural Wood Products
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D7857-16 - Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Flexural Properties and Internal Bond Strength of Fire-Retarded Mat-Formed Wood Structural Composite Panels Exposed to Elevated Temperatures
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 198 – 08
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D 198 – 27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
The present standard expands the original standard to permit its application to wood members of all
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasing use of dimensions lumber in the lower chords of trusses.The standard establishes practices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
structural size by various testing procedures. D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Prod-
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order: ucts
D 1165 Nomenclature of Commercial Hardwoods and Soft-
Sections
Flexure 4-11
woods
Compression (Short Column) 13-20
D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and
Compression (Long Member) 21-28
Wood-Based Materials
Tension 29-36
Torsion 37-44
D 2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties for
Shear Modulus 45-52
Grades of Structural Lumber
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing
D 3737 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
procedures are given in Appendix X1.
Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D 4442 TestMethodsforDirectMoistureContentMeasure-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
and are not considered standard.
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
someter Systems
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ASTM Test Methods
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on
2
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.01 on Fundamental For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Test Methods and Properties. contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D 198 – 05a. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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D198–08
Determine the Precision of a Test Method also applicable to beams of round and irregular shapes, such as
round posts, I-beams, or other special sections.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E6, Terminology D9, 5. Summary of Test Method
and Nomenclature D 1165.Afew related terms not covered in
5.1 The structural member, usually a straight or a slightly
these standards are as follows:
cambered beam of rectangular cross section, is subjected to a
3.1.1 composite wood beam—a laminar construction com-
bending moment by supporting it near its ends, at locations
prising a combination of wood and other simple or complex
called reactions, and applying transverse loads symmetrically
materials assembled and intimately fixed in relation to each
impose
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D198–05a Designation: D 198 – 08
Standard Test Methods of
1
Static Tests of Lumber in Structural Sizes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Numerous evaluations of structural members of solid sawn lumber have been conducted in
accordance with Test Methods D 198 – 27. While the importance of continued use of a satisfactory
standard should not be underestimated, the original standard (1927) was designed primarily for sawn
material, such as solid wood bridge stringers and joists. With the advent of laminated timbers,
wood-plywood composite members, and even reinforced and prestressed timbers, a procedure
adaptable to a wider variety of wood structural members is required.
The present standard expands the original standard to permit its application to wood members of all
types. It provides methods of evaluation under loadings other than flexure in recognition of the
increasing need for improved knowledge of properties under such loadings as tension to reflect the
increasing use of dimensions lumber in the lower chords of trusses.The standard establishes practices
that will permit correlation of results from different sources through the use of a uniform procedure.
Provision is made for varying the procedure to take account of special problems.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber in structural size by various testing procedures.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Flexure 4-11
Compression (Short Column)12-19 13-20
Compression (Short Column) 13-20
Compression (Long Member)20-27 21-28
Compression (Long Member) 21-28
Tension28-35 29-36
Tension 29-36
Torsion36-43 37-44
Torsion 37-44
Shear Modulus44-51 45-52
Shear Modulus 45-52
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.
1.4
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 9Terminology Relating to Wood Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Based Products
D 1165 Nomenclature of DomesticCommercial Hardwoods and Softwoods
D 2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD07onWoodandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD07.01onFundamentalTestMethods
and Properties.
CurrenteditionapprovedOct.1,2005.2008.PublishedOctober2005.November2008.Originallyapprovedin1924.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2005asD 198 – 05a.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D198–08
D 2915 Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties for Grades of Structural Lumber
D 3737 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for Structural Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)
D 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E 83Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer System Practice for Verification and Classification of
Extensometer Systems
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E 6, Terminology D 9, and Nomenclature D 1165. A few related terms not covered in these
standards are as follows:
3.1.1 composite wood beam—a laminar construction c
...