ASTM G105-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests (Withdrawn 2016)
Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests (Withdrawn 2016)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimeters. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covered laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It was the intent of this procedure to provide data that would reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion, this test method was withdrawn in January 2016 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Designation: G105 − 02(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 SAE Standard:
SAE J200Classification System for Rubber Materials
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for de-
termining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching
3. Terminology
abrasion by means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the
intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly 3.1 Definitions:
rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under
3.1.1 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard
a specified set of conditions.
protuberancesforcedagainstandmovingalongasolidsurface.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This definition covers several different
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in
wear modes or mechanisms that fall under the abrasive wear
cubic millimeters. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will
category. These modes may degrade a surface by scratching,
have a lower volume loss.
cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and 2). G40
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4. Summary of Test Method
only.
4.1 The wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) in-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
volves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a slurry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
containing grit of controlled size and composition. The abra-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sive is introduced between the test specimen and a rotating
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
wheel with a neoprene rubber tire or rim of a specified
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
hardness. The test specimen is pressed against the rotating
2. Referenced Documents wheel at a specified force by means of a lever arm while the
2 grit abrades the test surface. The rotation of the wheel is such
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that stirring paddles on both sides agitate the abrasive slurry
D2000Classification System for Rubber Products in Auto-
through which it passes to provide grit particles to be carried
motive Applications
across the contact face in the direction of wheel rotation.
D2240TestMethodforRubberProperty—DurometerHard-
ness
4.2 Three wheels are required with nominal Shore A
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Durometer hardnesses of 50, 60, and 70, with a hardness
Sieves
toleranceof 62.0.Arun-inisconductedwiththe50Durometer
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
wheel, followed by the test with 50, 60, and 70 Durometer
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
wheelsinorderofincreasinghardness.Specimensareweighed
Lot or Process
before and after each run and the loss in mass recorded. The
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
logarithms of mass loss are plotted as a function of measured
ASTM Test Methods
rubber wheel hardness and a test value is determined from a
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
least square line as the mass loss at 60.0 Durometer. It is
necessary to convert the mass loss to volume loss, due to wide
differences in density of materials, in order to obtain a ranking
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
of materials.Abrasion is then reported as volume loss in cubic
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
millimetres.
Wear.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G105–02. DOI:
10.1520/G0105-02R07.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
G105 − 02 (2007)
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Wear Test Apparatus
5. Significance and Use (1-7)
5.1 Theseverityofabrasivewearinanysystemwilldepend
upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the
FIG. 2 Rubber Wheel
magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the
frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test
method these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform
condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching
abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test method does not attempt to
duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape,
pressure, impact or corrosive elements), it should not be used
to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific
environment.Thevalueofthetestmethodliesinpredictingthe
ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as
would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data
obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a
specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared
with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in
the same environment. The comparison will provide a general
indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is
the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Fig. 2 shows a typical design and Figs. 3 and 4 are
FIG. 3 Test Apparatus with Slurry Chamber Cover Removed
photographsofatestapparatus.(SeeRef (4).)Severalelements
are of critical importance to ensure uniformity in test results
specimen. Therefore, the true loading of specimen against the wheel
among laboratories. These are the type of rubber used on the
cannot be known.
wheel,thetypeofabrasiveanditsshape,uniformityofthetest
6.1.1 Discussion—The location of the pivot point between
apparatus, a suitable lever arm system to apply the required
the lever arm and the specimen holder must be directly in line
force (see Note 1) and test material uniformity.
with the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the wheel
NOTE1—Anapparatusdesignthatiscommerciallyavailableisdepicted
at the center point of the area or line of contact between the
both schematically and in photographs in Figs. 1-4.Although it has been
wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the
usedbyseverallaboratories(includingthoserunninginterlaboratorytests)
loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque
toobtainweardata,itincorporateswhatmaybeconsideredadesignflaw.
The location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen
about the pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the
holder is not directly in line with the test specimen surface. Unless the
wheel against the specimen. Therefore, the true loading of
tangent to the wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact
specimen against the wheel cannot be known.
between the wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the
loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque about the
6.2 Rubber Wheel—Each wheel shall consist of a steel disk
pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the
withanouterlayerofneoprenerubbermoldedtoitsperiphery.
The rubber is bonded to the rim and cured in a suitable steel
mold. Wheels are nominally 178 mm (7 in.) diameter by 13
Present users of this test method may have constructed their own equipment.
mm ( ⁄2 in.) wide (see Fig. 2). The rubber will conform to
Rubberwheelabrasiontestingequipmentiscommerciallyavailable.Rubberwheels
or remolded rims on wheel hubs can be obtained through the manufacturer(s). Classification D2000 (SAE J200).
G105 − 02 (2007)
FIG. 4 Test Apparatus in Operation
6.2.1 The 50 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with numberofwheelrevolutionsasspecifiedintheprocedure.Itis
2BC515K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where: recommended that the incremental counter have the ability to
Z1—Elastomer—Neoprene GW, shut off the machine after a preselected number of wheel
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 50 6 2, revolutions or increments up to 5000 revolutions is attained.
Z3—Not less than 50% rubber hydrocarbon content, and
6.5 Specimen Holder and Lever Arm—The specimen holder
Z4—Medium thermal black reinforcement.
is attached to the lever arm to which weights are added so that
6.2.2 The 60 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with
a force is applied along the horizontal diametral line of the
2BC615K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
wheel.An appropriate weight must be used to apply a force of
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
222 N (50 lbf) between the test specimen positioned in the
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 60 6 2.
specimen holder and the wheel. The weight has a mass of
6.2.3 The 70 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with
approximately 9.5 kg (21 lb) and must be adjusted so that the
2BC715K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
force exerted by the rubber wheel on the specimen with the
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
rubber wheel at rest has a value of 222.4 6 3.6 N (50.0 6 0.8
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 70 6 2.
lbf). This force may be determined by calculation of the
6.2.4 The compounds suggested for the 50, 60, and 70
moments acting around the pivot point for the lever arm or by
Durometer rubber wheels are as follows:
direct measurement, for example, by noting the load required
Content (pph)
to pull the specimen holder away from the wheel, or with a
Ingredient 50 60 70
proving ring.
Neoprene GW 100 100 100
6.6 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the
A
Magnesia 222
B
loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of
Zinc Oxide 10 10 10
Octamine 2 2 2 0.0001 g.A150 g capacity balance is recommended to accom-
Stearic Acid 0.5 0.5 0.5
modate thicker or high density specimens.
C
SRF Carbon Black 20 37 63
ASTM #3 Oil 14 10 10
7. Reagents and Materials
A
Maglite D (Merck) 7.1 Abrasive Slurry—The abrasive slurry used in the test
B
Kadox 15 (New Jersey Zinc)
shall consist of a mixture of 0.940 kg of deionized water and
C
ASTM Grade N762
1.500 kg of a rounded grain quartz sand as typified by AFS
6.2.5 Wheels are molded under pressure. Cure times of 40
50/70TestSand(−50/+70mesh,or−230⁄ +270µm)furnished
to 60 min at 153°C (307°F) are used to minimize “heat-to-
by the qualified source.
heat’’ variations.
7.2 AFS50/70testsandiscontrolledbythequalifiedsource
6.3 Motor Drive—The wheel is driven by a 0.75-kw (1-hp)
to the following size range using U.S. Sieves (Specification
electric motor and suitable gear box to ensure that full torque
E11).
is delivered during the test. The rate of revolution (245 6 5
rpm) must remain constant under load. Other drives producing
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
245 rpm under load are suitable. isOttawaSilicaCo.,P.O.Box577,Ottawa,IL61350.Ifyouareawareofalternative
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
6.4 Wheel Revolution Counter—The machine shall be
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
equipped with a revolution counter that will monitor the technical committee, which you may attend.
G105 − 02 (2007)
8.6.1 Thincoatingsmaybetestedintheas-coatedcondition
U.S. Sieve Size Sieve Opening %Retained on Sieve
40 425 µm (0.0165 in.) None
since surface grinding, especially of those less than about 0.3
50 300 µm (0.0117 in.) 5 max
mm (0.01 in.) thick, can penetrate the coating or cause it to be
70 212 µm (0.0083 in.) 95 min
sothinthatitwillnotsurvivethattestwithoutpenetration.The
100 150 µm (0.0059 in.) None Passing
finish of the substrate test surface prior to coating should be
7.2.1 Multiple use of the sand may affect the test compari-
such to minimize irregularities in the coated surface. Grinding
sons.
of this surface as directed in 8.6 is suggested for coatings less
8. Sampling, Test Specimen, and Test Units
than 0.15 mm (0.005 in.) thick.
8.6.2 The type of surface or surface preparation shall be
8.1 Test Unit—Use any metallic material form for abrasion
stated in the data sheet.
testingbythismethod.Thisincludeswroughtmetals,castings,
forgings, weld overlays, thermal spray deposits, powder
metals, electroplates, cermets, etc. 9. Procedure
8.2 Test Specimen—The test specimens are rectangular in 9.1 Thoroughly rinse the slurry chamber before the test to
shape, 25.4 6 0.8 mm (1.00 6 0.03 in.) wide by 57.2 6 0.8 eliminate any remnants of slurry from a previous test.
mm(2.2560.03in.)longby6.4to15.9mm(0.25to0.625in.)
9.2 Install the rubber wheel of nominal 50 Durometer and
thick. The test surface should be flat within 0.125 mm (0.005
measure and record its hardness.
in.) maximum.
9.2.1 Take at least four (preferably eight) hardness readings
8.2.1 For specimens less than 9.5 mm thick (0.375 in.), use
at equally spaced locations around the periphery of the rubber
ashiminthespecimenholdertobringthespecimentoaheight
wheel using a Shore A Durometer tester in accordance with
of 9.5 mm.
Test Method D2240. Take gage readings after a dwell time of
8.3 Wrought and Cast Metal—Specimens may be machined
5 s. Report average hardness in the form:A/48.6/5, whereAis
to size directly from raw material.
the type of Durometer, 48.6 the average of the readings, and 5
thetimeinsecondsthatthepressurefootofthetesterisinfirm
8.4 Weld deposits are applied to one flat surface of the test
contact with the rubber rim surface.The 5-s dwell time for the
piece. Double-weld passes are recommended to prevent weld
pressure foot in contact with the rubber rim should be
dilution by the base metal. Note that welder technique, heat
rigorously adhered to.
inputofwelds,andtheflameadjustmentofgasweldswillhave
an effect on the abrasion resistance of the weld deposit. Weld
9.3 Prior to testing, demagnetize each steel specimen. Then
deposits should be made on a thick enough substrate, 12.7 mm
cleaneachspecimenofalldirtandforeignmatter,anddegrease
(0.5in.)minimumsuggested,topreventdistortion.Ifdistortion
in acetone immediately prior to weighing. Materials with
occurs, the specimen may be mechanically straightened or
surface porosity (some powder metals or ceramics) must be
ground or b
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G105–02 Designation: G 105 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Tests
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G105; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverslaboratoryproceduresfordeterminingtheresistanceofmetallicmaterialstoscratchingabrasionby
means of the wet sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this procedure to provide data that will reproducibly rank materials in
their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimeters. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a
lower volume loss.
1.3Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.3
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2000 Classification System for Rubber Products in Automotive Applications
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
E11 Specification for Wire- Cloth and Sieves for Testing Purposes
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With a Specified Tolerable Error, Precision, the Average for a
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
2.2 Other Standard: SAE Standard:
SAE J200
SAE J200 Classification System for Rubber Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.2 abrasive wear—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface
(Terminology G40). surface.
3.1.13.2.1 Discussion—This definition covers several different wear modes or mechanisms that fall under the abrasive wear
category. These modes may degrade a surface by scratching, cutting, deformation, or gouging (1 and 2)., G40
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The wet sand/rubber wheel abrasion test (Fig. 1) involves the abrading of a standard test specimen with a slurry containing
gritofcontrolledsizeandcomposition.Theabrasiveisintroducedbetweenthetestspecimenandarotatingwheelwithaneoprene
rubber tire or rim of a specified hardness. The test specimen is pressed against the rotating wheel at a specified force by means
of a lever arm while the grit abrades the test surface. The rotation of the wheel is such that stirring paddles on both sides agitate
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive Wear.
´1
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as G105–89 (1997) .
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as G105–02.
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vols 09.02. volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
G 105 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of the Wear Test Apparatus
the abrasive slurry through which it passes to provide grit particles to be carried across the contact face in the direction of wheel
rotation.
4.2 ThreewheelsarerequiredwithnominalShoreADurometerhardnessesof50,60,and70,withahardnesstoleranceof 62.0.
A run-in is conducted with the 50 Durometer wheel, followed by the test with 50, 60, and 70 Durometer wheels in order of
increasing hardness. Specimens are weighed before and after each run and the loss in mass recorded.The logarithms of mass loss
are plotted as a function of measured rubber wheel hardness and a test value is determined from a least square line as the mass
loss at 60.0 Durometer. It is necessary to convert the mass loss to volume loss, due to wide differences in density of materials, in
order to obtain a ranking of materials. Abrasion is then reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres.
5. Significance and Use (1-7)
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape and hardness, the magnitude
of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this test method these conditions are
standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 2). Since the test
method does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact or corrosive elements),
it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. The value of the test method
lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume
lossdataobtainedfromtestmaterialswhoselivesareunknowninaspecificabrasiveenvironmentmay,however,becomparedwith
testdataobtainedfromamaterialwhoselifeisknowninthesameenvironment.Thecomparisonwillprovideageneralindication
of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Fig. 2 shows a typical design and Figs. 3 and 4 are photographs of a test apparatus. (See Ref (4).) Several elements are of
criticalimportancetoensureuniformityintestresultsamonglaboratories.Thesearethetypeofrubberusedonthewheel,thetype
ofabrasiveanditsshape,uniformityofthetestapparatus,asuitableleverarmsystemtoapplytherequiredforce,andtestmaterial
uniformity.)Severalelementsareofcriticalimportancetoensureuniformityintestresultsamonglaboratories.Thesearethetype
of rubber used on the wheel, the type of abrasive and its shape, uniformity of the test apparatus, a suitable lever arm system to
apply the required force (see Note 1) and test material uniformity.
NOTE 1—AnapparatusdesignthatiscommerciallyavailableisdepictedbothschematicallyandinphotographsinFigs.1-4.Althoughithasbeenused
by several laboratories (including those running interlaboratory tests) to obtain wear data, it incorporates what may be considered a design flaw. The
location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen holder is not directly in line with the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the
wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact between the wheel and specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the loading arm, a variable,
undefined, and uncompensated torque about the pivot will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the specimen.Therefore, the true loading
of specimen against the wheel cannot be known.
6.1.1 Discussion—The location of the pivot point between the lever arm and the specimen holder must be directly in line with
the test specimen surface. Unless the tangent to the wheel at the center point of the area or line of contact between the wheel and
specimen also passes through the pivot axis of the loading arm, a variable, undefined, and uncompensated torque about the pivot
will be caused by the frictional drag of the wheel against the specimen.Therefore, the true loading of specimen against the wheel
cannot be known.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Present users of this test method may have constructed their own equipment. Rubber wheel abrasion testing equipment is commercially available. Rubber wheels or
remolded rims on wheel hubs can be obtained through the manufacturer(s).
G 105 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 2 Rubber Wheel
FIG. 3 Test Apparatus with Slurry Chamber Cover Removed
6.2 Rubber Wheel—Eachwheelshallconsistofasteeldiskwithanouterlayerofneoprenerubbermoldedtoitsperiphery.The
rubber is bonded to the rim and cured in a suitable steel mold. Wheels are nominally 178 mm (7 in.) diameter by 13 mm ( ⁄2 in.)
wide (see Fig. 2). The rubber will conform to Classification D2000 (SAE J200). (SAE J200).
6.2.1 The 50 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC515K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
Z1—Elastomer—Neoprene GW,
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 50 6 2,
Z3—Not less than 50% rubber hydrocarbon content, and
Z4—Medium thermal black reinforcement.
6.2.2 The 60 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC615K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where: Z1,
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and Z2—Type
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 60 6 2.
6.2.3 The 70 Durometer wheel will be in accordance with 2BC715K11Z1Z2Z3Z4, where:
Z1, Z3, and Z4 are the same as for 6.2.1, and
Z2—Type A Durometer hardness 70 6 2.
6.2.4 The compounds suggested for the 50, 60, and 70 Durometer rubber wheels are as follows:
G 105 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 4 Test Apparatus in Operation
Content (pph)
Ingredient 50 60 70
Neoprene GW 100 100 100
A
Magnesia 222
B
Zinc Oxide 10 10 10
Octamine 2 2 2
Stearic Acid 0.5 0.5 0.5
C
SRF Carbon Black 20 37 63
ASTM #3 Oil 14 10 10
A
Maglite D (Merck)
B
Kadox 15 (New Jersey Zinc)
C
ASTM Grade N762
6.2.5 Wheels are molded under pressure. Cure times of 40 to 60 min at 153°C (307°F) are used to minimize “heat-to-heat’’
variations.
6.3 Motor Drive—The wheel is driven by a 0.75-kw (1-hp) electric motor and suitable gear box to ensure that full torque is
delivered during the test.The rate of revolution (245 6 5 rpm) must remain constant under load. Other drives producing 245 rpm
under load are suitable.
6.4 Wheel Revolution Counter—Themachineshallbeequippedwitharevolutioncounterthatwillmonitorthenumberofwheel
revolutions as specified in the procedure. It is recommended that the incremental counter have the ability to shut off the machine
after a preselected number of wheel revolutions or increments up to 5000 revolutions is attained.
6.5 Specimen Holder and Lever Arm— The specimen holder is attached to the lever arm to which weights are added so that
a force is applied along the horizontal diametral line of the wheel. An appropriate weight must be used to apply a force of 222
N (50 lbf) between the test specimen positioned in the specimen holder and the wheel. The weight has a mass of approximately
9.5 kg (21 lb) and must be adjusted so that the force exerted by the rubber wheel on the specimen with the rubber wheel at rest
has a value of 222.4 6 3.6 N (50.0 6 0.8 lbf). This force may be determined by calculation of the moments acting around the
pivot point for the lever arm or by direct measurement, for example, by noting the load required to pull the specimen holder away
from the wheel, or with a proving ring.
6.6 Analytical Balance—The balance used to measure the loss in mass of the test specimen shall have a sensitivity of 0.0001
g. A150 g capacity balance is recommended to accommodate thicker or high density specimens.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Abrasive Slurry—The abrasive slurry used in the test shall consist of a mixture of 0.940 kg of deionized water and 1.500
kg of a rounded grain quartz sand as typified by AFS 50/70 Test Sand (−50/+70 mesh, or−230/+270 µm) furnished by the
qualified source.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Ottawa Silica Co., P.O. Box 577, Ottawa, IL 61350. If you are aware of alternative
suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical
committee, which you may attend.
G 105 – 02 (2007)
7.2 AFS50/70testsandiscontrolledbythequalifiedsourcetothefollowingsizerangeusingU.S.Sieves(SpecificationE11).
U.S. Sieve Size Sieve Opening %Retained on Sieve
40 425 µm (0.0165 in.) None
50 300 µm (0.0117 in.) 5 max
70 212 µm (0.0083 in.) 95 min
100 150 µm (0.0059 in.) None Passing
7.2.1 Multiple use of the sand may affect the test comparisons.
8. Sampling, Test Specimen, and Test Units
8.1 Test Unit—Use any metallic material form for abrasion testing by this method. This includes wrought metals, castings,
forgings, weld overlays, thermal spray deposits, powder metals, electroplates, cermets, etc.
8.2 Test Specimen—The test specimens are rectangular in shape, 25.4 6 0.8 mm (1.00 6 0.03 in.) wide by 57.2 6 0.8 mm
(2.256 0.03 in.) long by 6.4 to 15.9 mm (0.25 to 0.625 in.) thick. The test surface should be flat within 0.125 mm (0.005 in.)
maximum.
8.2.1 For specimens less than 9.5 mm thick (0.375 in.), use a shim in the specimen holder to bring the specimen to a height
of 9.5 mm.
8.3 Wrought and Cast Metal—Specimens may be machined to size directly from raw material.
8.4 Welddepositsareappliedtooneflatsurfaceofthetestpiece.Double-weldpassesarerecommendedtopreventwelddilution
by the base metal. Note that welder technique, heat input of welds, and the flame adjustment of gas welds will have an effect on
theabrasionresistanceofthewelddeposit.Welddepositsshouldbemadeonathickenoughsubstrate,12.7mm(0.5in.)minimum
suggested, to prevent distortion. If distortion occurs, the specimen may be mechanically straightened or ground or both.
8.4.1 In order to develop a suitable wear scar, the surface to be abraded must be ground flat to produce a smooth, level surface.
A test surface without square (90°) edges, having a level surface at least 50.8 mm (2.00 in.) long and 19.1 mm (0.75 in.) wide,
is acceptable if it can be positioned to show the full length and width of the wear scar developed by the test.
8.5 Coatings—This test may be unsuitable for some coatings, depending on their thickn
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