ASTM D1044-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
p>Transparent plastic materials, when used as windows or enclosures, are subject to wiping and cleaning; hence the maintenance of optical quality of a material after abrasion is important. It is the purpose of this test method to provide a means of estimating the resistance of such materials to this type and degree of abrasion.
Although this test method does not provide fundamental data, it is suitable for grading materials relative to this type of abrasion in a manner which correlates with service.
Comparison of interlaboratory data or the specification of a “haze” value has no significance if the hazemeter requirements given in 5.4 are not used. This is because light diffused from the surface of a Taber track is scattered at a narrow angle (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) while light diffused internally by a specimen is scattered at a wide angle. In many hazemeters, when a diaphragm is inserted to limit the light beam to the width of the abraded track, the specular beam at the exit port becomes smaller. The dark annulus will then be greater than the 0.023 ± 0.002 rad (1.3 ± 0.1°) requirements of Test Method D 1003. Since a large percentage of the narrow-angle forward-scattered light will not impinge on the sphere wall, “haze” readings become smaller. For hazemeters that have not been properly adjusted, the magnitude of this reduction is dependent both on the integrating sphere diameter and the reduction of the entrance beam.
For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
For some materials, abrasion tests utilizing the Taber abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abrasive characteristics of the wheel during testing.
De...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for estimating the resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surface abrasion by measuring the change in optical properties.
1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numerically quantified by the difference in haze percentage in accordance with Test Method D 1003 between an abraded and unabraded specimen.
1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002 and September 2004 have been found to give different results than historical values. Comparisons of data using these wheels should be made with caution. Results using wheels made after September 2004 have agreed with those obtained before October 2002.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.
Note 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 3537 in the measurement of resistance to abrasion in Section 7, but is not equivalent to ISO 3537 in any other measurement or section. This test method is not equivalent to ISO 9352, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
Note 2—This test method is similar to ANSI/SAE Z26.1, Test 17.
Note 3—Prior attempts to employ the Taber Abraser for volume loss determinations of various plastics have been unsuccessful because of excessively large coefficients of variation attributed to the data. Insufficient agreement among the participating laboratories has rendered the use of volume loss procedure inadvisable as an ASTM test method.
Note 4—For determining the resistance to abrasion of organic coatings by weight loss, reference is made to Test Method D 4060, which uses more aggressive CS-10 or CS-17 abrasive wheels. It suffers from poor reproducibility between laboratories when numerical abrasion resistance values are used. Interlaboratory agreement improves significantly when ranking a series of coatings for their abrasion resistance.
1.5 This standard does not purport t...
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Designation: D1044 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for estimating
the resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surface
2. Referenced Documents
abrasion by measuring the change in optical properties.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numerically
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
quantified by the difference in haze percentage in accordance
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
with Test Method D1003 between an abraded and unabraded
of Transparent Plastics
specimen.
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002
als
and September 2004 have been found to give different results
D4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
than historical values. Comparisons of data using these wheels
Coatings by the Taber Abraser
should be made with caution. Results using wheels made after
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
September 2004 have agreed with those obtained before
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
October 2002.
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2.2 ISO Standards:
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ISO 3537 Road Vehicles—Safety Glazing Materials—
standard.Thevaluesgiveninbracketsareforinformationonly.
Mechanical Tests
NOTE 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 3537 in the measure-
ISO9352 Plastics—DeterminationofResistancetoWearby
ment of resistance to abrasion in Section 7, but is not equivalent to
Abrasive Wheels
ISO 3537 in any other measurement or section. This test method is not
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2.3 ANSI Standards:
equivalent to ISO 9352, and results cannot be directly compared between
ANSI/SAE Z26.1 Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing
the two methods.
Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating
NOTE 2—This test method is similar to ANSI/SAE Z26.1, Test 17.
NOTE 3—Prior attempts to employ the Taber Abraser for volume loss
on Land Highways—Abrasion Resistance, Test 17 (Plas-
2
determinations of various plastics have been unsuccessful because of
tics)
excessively large coefficients of variation attributed to the data. Insuffi-
cient agreement among the participating laboratories has rendered the use
3. Terminology
of volume loss procedure inadvisable as an ASTM test method.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 4—For determining the resistance to abrasion of organic coatings
3.1.1 abrasion—abrasive wear caused by displacement or
byweightloss,referenceismadetoTestMethodD4060,whichusesmore
rearrangement of a softer material due to rubbing or scuffing
aggressive CS-10 or CS-17 abrasive wheels. It suffers from poor repro-
ducibility between laboratories when numerical abrasion resistance values
against hard sharp particles.
are used. Interlaboratory agreement improves significantly when ranking
3.1.2 haze—In accordance with Test Method D1003, that
a series of coatings for their abrasion resistance.
percentage of transmitted light which in passing through the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the specimen deviates from the incident beam by forward scatter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the ing. For the purpose of this test method, only light flux
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- deviating more than 0.044 rad (2.5°) on the average is
considered to be haze.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
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and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D1044 - 05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D1044-08. the ASTM website.
2 4
Supporting data are available fromASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-48 Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
and D20-1090. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
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This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1044–05 Designation: D 1044 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Surface Abrasion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for estimating the resistance of transparent plastics to one kind of surface abrasion
by measuring the change in optical properties.
1.2 Abrasive damage is visually judged and numerically quantified by the difference in haze percentage in accordance withTest
Method D 1003 between an abraded and unabraded specimen.
1.3 CS-10F wheels manufactured between October 2002 and September 2004 have been found to give different results than
historicalvalues.Comparisonsofdatausingthesewheelsshouldbemadewithcaution.ResultsusingwheelsmadeafterSeptember
2004 have agreed with those obtained before October 2002.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are for information only.
NOTE 1—This test method is equivalent to ISO 3537 in the measurement of resistance to abrasion in Section 7, but is not equivalent to ISO 3537 in
any other measurement or section. This test method is not equivalent to ISO 9352, and results cannot be directly compared between the two methods.
NOTE 2—This test method is similar to ANSI/SAE Z26.1, Test 17.
2
NOTE 3—PriorattemptstoemploytheTaberAbraserforvolumelossdeterminationsofvariousplastics havebeenunsuccessfulbecauseofexcessively
large coefficients of variation attributed to the data. Insufficient agreement among the participating laboratories has rendered the use of volume loss
procedure inadvisable as an ASTM test method.
NOTE 4—For determining the resistance to abrasion of organic coatings by weight loss, reference is made to Test Method D 4060, which uses more
aggressiveCS-10orCS-17abrasivewheels.Itsuffersfrompoorreproducibilitybetweenlaboratorieswhennumericalabrasionresistancevaluesareused.
Interlaboratory agreement improves significantly when ranking a series of coatings for their abrasion resistance.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D 4060 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
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2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3537 Road Vehicles—Safety Glazing Materials—Mechanical Tests
ISO 9352 Plastics—Determination of Resistance to Wear by Abrasive Wheels
4
2.3 ANSI Standards:
ANSI/SAE Z26.1 Safety Glazing Materials for Glazing Motor Vehicle and Motor Vehicle Equipment Operating on Land
Highways—Abrasion Resistance, Test 17 (Plastics)
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties .
Current edition approved Nov.March 1, 2005.2008. Published December 2005.March 2008. Originally approved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 19992005 as
D1044-99.D 1044 - 05.
2
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D20-48 and RR:D20-1090.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959, United States.
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