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ASTM E1245-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.
Note 1—Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.
1.4 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are to be regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values are in parentheses and may be approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jan-2003
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.14 - Quantitative Metallography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1245-00 - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E1245-03(2008) - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1376-92(2020) - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Analysis for Gas Distribution System Components (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E3-11(2017) - Standard Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2063-18 - Standard Specification for Wrought Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys for Medical Devices and Surgical Implants
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E768-99(2018) - Standard Guide for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E1382-97(2023) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size Using Semiautomatic and Automatic Image Analysis
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3160-21 - Standard Guide for Metallurgical Characterization of Absorbable Metallic Materials for Medical Implants
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM A892-09(2020) - Standard Guide for Defining and Rating the Microstructure of High Carbon Bearing Steels
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E606/E606M-21 - Standard Test Method for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2109-01(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining Area Percentage Porosity in Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E562-19e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining Volume Fraction by Systematic Manual Point Count
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM A890/A890M-18a - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic) for General Application
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2283-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003
Referred By
ASTM E45-18a - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel
Effective Date
10-Jan-2003

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ASTM E1245-03 - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image AnalysisASTM E1245-03 - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
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ASTM E1245-03 - Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1245 – 03
Standard Practice for
Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent
1
Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thispracticemaybeusedtoproducestereologicalmeasurementsthatdescribetheamount,number,
size, and spacing of the indigenous inclusions (sulfides and oxides) in steels. The method may also be
applied to assess inclusions in other metals or to assess any discrete second-phase constituent in any
material.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereo- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
logical measurements that describe basic characteristics of the E 3 Methods of Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
2
morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals E 7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to E 45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content
2
provide such data for any discrete second phase. of Steel
E 768 Practice for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for
NOTE 1—Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice
2
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase
particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself,
3. Terminology
does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in
space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these
3.1 Definitions:
constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, see
requiresmeasurementsonthreeorthogonalplanesandisbeyondthescope
Terminology E 7.
of this practice.
3.2 Symbols:
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of
producing stereological data when the features of the constitu-
2
¯
A = theaverageareaofinclusionsorparticles,µm .
ents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable
A = the area fraction of the inclusion or constituent.
A
data difficult.
A = the area of the detected feature.
i
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test
2
A = the measurement area (field area, mm ).
T
methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or
H = the total projected length in the hot-working
T
establishing limits of acceptability.
direction of the inclusion or constituent in the
1.4 The measured values are stated in SI units, which are to
field, µm.
be regarded as standard. Equivalent inch-pound values are in
¯
L = the average length in the hot-working direction
parentheses and may be approximate.
of the inclusion or constituent, µm.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
L = the true length of scan lines, pixel lines, or grid
T
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
lines (number of lines times the length of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
lines divided by the magnification), mm.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
n = the number of fields measured.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
N = the number of inclusions or constituents of a
A
2
given type per unit area, mm .
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E04 on Metallog-
raphy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.14 on Quantitative
Metallography.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published April 2003. Originally
2
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 1245 – 00. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1245–03
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion
N = the number of inclusions or constituent par-
i
population vary within a given lot of material due to the
ticles or the number of feature interceptions, in
influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification condi-
the field.
tions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to
N = the number of interceptions of inclusions or
L
assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat
constituent particles per unit length (mm) of
lotbutsmallerlots,forexample,theproductofaningot,within
scan lines, pixel lines, or grid lines.
the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a
PP = the number of detected picture points.
i
PP = the total number of picture points in
...

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5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.  
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4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.  
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1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
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4.1 The physical properties of metals and other materials are often anisotropic (for example: Young's modulus will typically vary in different crystallographic directions). As such, it is often desirable or necessary to determine the orientation of a single crystal to ascertain the relation of any pertinent physical properties with respect to different directions in the material.  
4.2 This test method can be used commercially as a quality control test in production situations in which a desired orientation, within prescribed limits, is required.  
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1.2 Most natural crystals have well developed external faces, and the orientation of such crystals can usually be determined from inspection. The orientation of a crystal having poorly developed faces or no faces at all (for example, a metal crystal prepared in the laboratory) shall be determined by more elaborate methods. The most convenient and accurate of these involves the use of X-ray diffraction. The “orientation of a metal crystal” is known when the positions in space of the crystallographic axes of the unit cell have been located with reference to the surface geometry of the crystal specimen. This relation between unit cell position and surface geometry is most conveniently expressed by stereographic or gnomonic projection.  
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ASTM E2283-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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