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ASTM D2582-07

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamic puncture and propagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses, including industrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).  
Experience has shown that for many materials puncture does not contribute significantly to the force value determined, due to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However, comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with normal nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.  
For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the current ASTM materials standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected to end-use snagging-type hazards.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 1
There is no equivalent ISO test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
28-Feb-2007
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.19 - Film, Sheeting, and Molded Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D2582-03 - Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D2582-08 - Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F1342/F1342M-05(2022) - Standard Test Method for Protective Clothing Material Resistance to Puncture
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1052-20 - Standard Test Method for Pressure Testing Vapor Protective Suits
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1296-08(2023) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2878-19 - Standard Test Method for Protective Clothing Material Resistance to Hypodermic Needle Puncture
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM D8065/D8065M-16 - Standard Classification System and Basis for Specification for Specifying Plastic Films
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2704-17a - Standard Specification for Air-Fed Protective Ensembles
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM E3109-18 - Standard Specification for Protective Gloves Worn by Law Enforcement and Corrections Officers
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007

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ASTM D2582-07 - Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin SheetingASTM D2582-07 - Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
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ASTM D2582-07 - Standard Test Method for Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2582–07
Standard Test Method for
Puncture-Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and
1
Thin Sheeting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2582; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dy- 4.1 The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the
namic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to
to end-use snagging-type hazards. dynamic puncture and propagation of that puncture resulting in
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses,
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information including industrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units
only. reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the does not contribute significantly to the force value determined,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- due to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. normal nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the
extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.
NOTE 1—There is no equivalent ISO test method.
4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that
requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural
2. Referenced Documents
2 modifications that take precedence when adhering to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classi-
D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
fication System D 4000 lists the current ASTM materials
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Mate-
standards.
rials
D 5947 Test Methods for Physical Dimensions of Solid
3
5. Apparatus
Plastics Specimens
5.1 As shown in Fig. 1, the instrument consists of:
E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
5.1.1 Carriages of different weight, each with a pointed
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
probe. Each carriage weight shall have a tolerance of 61%of
the weight desired.
3. Terminology
5.1.2 A test stand including:
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.1.2.1 Carriage release mechanism,
3.1.1 slit tear—a single tear parallel to the direction of the
5.1.2.2 Scale marked in millimetres,
falling carriage.
5.1.2.3 Curved specimen holder with a tear slot and five
3.1.2 “V” tear—atearthathastwoindividualtearlegs(not
clamps,
necessarily of equal length) radiating approximately 645°
5.1.2.4 Drop base with a guide channel to accommodate the
from the point the tear was initiated.
carriage wheels, and
5.1.2.5 Bubble level to level the base.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film and Sheeting.
Current edition approved March 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally
3
approved in 1967. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 2582 – 03. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or is Testing Machines, Inc., 2910 Expressway Drive, South, Islandia, NY 11749. If
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a
1
the ASTM website. meeting of the responsible technical committee , which you may attend.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2582–07
FIG. 2 Short Base Probe
7.2 Check “sharpness” of probes by visual observation
under a magnifying glass. If the short base end is not 0.40 mm
[0.016 in.] in diameter or
...

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This specification establishes the dimensional (length and width, thickness, and weight) requirements for biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting, both virgin and recycled. For this specification, polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting shall be defined as the material derived from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and shall consist of at least 90 % polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer. The film or sheeting shall be furnished flat or in rolls in the dimensions specified. This specification does not apply to coated, coextruded, tinted, pigmented, or metallized film or sheeting.
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4.1 This practice is intended to assist task groups participating in a round-robin study with the preparation of test sets of film specimens from film samples in the form of rolls on a core.  
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ASTM D4397-16(2023)(Specification)
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This specification covers polyethylene sheeting with a determined thickness intended for construction, industrial and agricultural applications. The sheeting shall be made from polyethylene or modified polyethylene, such as an ethylene copolymer consisting of a major portion of ethylene in combination with a minor portion of some other monomer, or a mixture of polyethylene with a lesser amount of other polymers. General requirements for the material are also observed according to their appearance, dimensions in size and tolerance and minimum net weight. The sheeting may be natural, color-tinted, translucent or opaque. The tests given are intended primarily for use as production tests in conjunction with manufacturing processes and inspection methods to insure conformity of sheeting with the requirements of this specification. These tests shall be done in order to determine the following properties: thickness, length and width, weight, impact resistance, tensile properties, reflectance, luminous transmittance, water vapor transmission, and heat sealability.
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ASTM D4272/D4272M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Total Energy Impact of Plastic Films by Dart Drop

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluation of the impact toughness of film is important in predicting the performance of a material in applications such as packaging, construction, and other uses. The test simulates the action encountered in applications where moderate-velocity blunt impacts occur in relatively small areas of film.  
5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.  
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.  
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Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
Note 2: This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
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4.1 The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is of value in ranking relative tearing resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of comparable thickness. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability on relatively less extensible films and sheeting. Variable elongation and oblique tearing effects on the more extensible films preclude its use as a precise production-control tool for these types of plastics. This test method should be used for specification acceptance testing only after it has been demonstrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible. This test method should be used for service evaluation only after its usefulness for the particular application has been demonstrated with a number of different films.  
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4.3 Due to orientation during their manufacture, plastic films and sheeting frequently show marked anisotropy in their resistance to tearing. This is further complicated by the fact that some films elongate greatly during tearing, even at the relatively rapid rates of loading encountered in this test method. The degree of this elongation is dependent in turn on film orientation and the inherent mechanical properties of the polymer from which it is made. These factors make tear resistance of some films reproducible between sets of specimens to ±5 % of the mean value, while others potentially show no better reproducibility than ±50 %.  
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1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the average force to propagate tearing through a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens are cited, a rectangular type, and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specimen.  
1.2 Because of (1) difficulties in selecting uniformly identical specimens, (2) the varying degree of orientation in some plastic films, and (3) the difficulty found in testing highly extensible or highly oriented materials, or both, the reproducibility of the test results may be variable and, in some cases, not good or misleading. Provisions are made in the test method to address oblique directional tearing which may be found with some materials.  
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Standard Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films

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5.1 When a drop of liquid rests on the surface of a solid, and a gas is in contact with both, the forces acting at the interfaces must balance. These forces can be represented by surface energies acting in the direction of the surfaces and it follows that:
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  θ  =  angle of contact of the edge of the drop with the solid surface,   γGL  =  surface energy of the gas - liquid interface,   γGS  =  surface energy of the gas - solid interface, and   γSL  =  surface energy of the solid - liquid interface.    
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5.1.2 When the gas is air saturated with vapors of the liquid, γGL will be the surface tension of the liquid. If the angle of contact is 0° the liquid is said to just wet the surface of the solid, and in this particular case (since cos θ = 1) the wetting tension of the solid will be equal to the surface tension of the liquid.  
5.2 The ability of polyethylene and polypropylene films to retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc., is primarily dependent upon the character of their surfaces, and can be improved by one of several surface-treating techniques. These same treating techniques have been found to increase the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface in contact with mixtures of formamide and ethyl Cellosolve in the presence of air. It is therefore possible to relate the wetting tension of a polyethylene or a polypropylene film surface to its ability to accept and retain inks, coatings, adhesives, etc. The measured wetting tension of a specific film surface can only be related to acceptable ink, coating, or adhesive retention through experience. Wetting tension in itself is not a completely acceptable measur...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wetting tension of a polyethylene or polypropylene film surface in contact with drops of specific test solutions in the presence of air.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: This test method and the specified reagents were specifically developed for polyethylene and polypropylene films. It is possible to utilize this test method and the specified reagents for films composed of other polymers, but this can affect the surface energies of the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, which will affect the contact angle and wetting tension. The applicability and significance for use of non-polyolefin materials must be established by the user.  
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Note 2: This test method is equivalent to ISO 8296.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2291/D2291M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fabrication of Ring Test Specimens for Glass-Resin Composites

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for fabricating glass fiber/thermoset resin ring samples for use as test specimens. Specimens so prepared can be used in Test Methods D2290 and D2344/D2344M.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use in the fabrication of ring-type test specimens to be used in the evaluation of the mechanical properties of reinforcement and resins in a composite structure. The practice outlines the steps in the preparation of the test specimens, including the final specimen machining where applicable. Three final ring configurations are included.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standard Test Method for Diffuse Light Transmission Factor of Reinforced Plastics Panels

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4.1 The purpose of this test method is to obtain the diffuse light transmittance factor of both flat and corrugated translucent building panels by the use of simple apparatus and by employing as a light source a combination of fluorescent tubes whose energy distribution closely approximates CIE Source C.
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in the parentheses are for information only.  
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Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
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ASTM D4551-22(Specification)
Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Flexible Concealed Water-Containment Membrane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water containment membranes that include fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. The plastic materials shall meet the inherent viscosity and compound density requirements and shall be subjected to tests that have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. Qualification tests shall be performed wherein the sheeting shall conform to the following physical property requirements: thickness; stress-strain properties such as tensile strength, tensile stress at elongation, and elongation at break; tear resistance; pinholes; microorganism resistance; puncture resistance; indentation resistance; folding resistance; chemical resistance to distilled water, soapy water, or alkali; hydrostatic pressure resistance; shrinkage; and volatile loss.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used without mastic, bedding, or coating for construction of concealed water-containment-membranes in applications where there is potential for costly secondary damage from water leakage and very long-term reliable performance is essential. Examples are fountains, pools, planters, shower and safe pans, tile tubs, or similar wet installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria, and methods of marking.  
1.2 Recycled materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section 5.  
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use.  
1.4 This specification does not cover water-containment membranes exposed to ultraviolet light.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off