ASTM D4868-17
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurement of heat of combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density and sulfur, water, and ash contents.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containing non-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol, methanol), ethers (for example, MTBE), or esters (for example, biodiesel).
Note 1: The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion used in this method was originally published as NBS Miscellaneous Publication No. 97.
1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating, using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of burner and diesel fuels (which do not contain non-hydrocarbon components) for which it is not usually critical to obtain very precise heat determinations.
Note 2: More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation fuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estimation methods require additional tests to those required in this test method.
1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It was derived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels as described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in the density range from 750 kg/m3 to 1000 kg/m3 and those that do not contain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuel specification criteria.
Note 3: The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these classes, the possibility that the estimate can be in error for individual fuels should be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has been found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non-hydrocarbon components)
Specification
Fuel Oils
Grades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6
D396
Diesel
Grades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D
D975
Aviation Turbine
Jet A and Jet A-1
D1655
Jet B
D6615
Gas Turbine
Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT
D2880
Kerosene
Grades No. 1-K and 2-K
D3699
1.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbon compounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highly accurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 4).
Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4868 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of
1
Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental
1. Scope*
measurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and
classes, the possibility that the estimate can be in error for individual fuels
net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of should be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limited
number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has been
hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density and
found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation
sulfur, water, and ash contents.
presented in this test method are represented by the following applica-
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containing
tions:
non-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol,
Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non- Specification
methanol),ethers(forexample,MTBE),oresters(forexample,
hydrocarbon components)
Fuel Oils
biodiesel).
Grades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and D396
NOTE 1—The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of 6
Diesel
combustion used in this method was originally published as NBS
Grades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D D975
Miscellaneous Publication No. 97.
Aviation Turbine
1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating, Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655
Jet B D6615
using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of
Gas Turbine
burner and diesel fuels (which do not contain non-hydrocarbon
Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT D2880
components) for which it is not usually critical to obtain very Kerosene
Grades No. 1-K and 2-K D3699
precise heat determinations.
1.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbon
NOTE 2—More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation
compounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highly
fuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estima-
accurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion
tion methods require additional tests to those required in this test method.
(Note 4).
1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It was
derived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced by normal
NOTE 4—The procedures for the experimental determination of the
grossandnetheatsofcombustionaredescribedinTestMethodsD240and
refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to
D4809.
the requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels as
described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3 3
the density range from 750 kg/m to 1000 kg/m and those that standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
do not contain an unusually high aromatic content. High
standard.
aromatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuel
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specification criteria.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 3—The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon
fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
when the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
1
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
SubcommitteeD02.05onPropertiesofFuels,PetroleumCokeandCarbonMaterial.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D4868 – 00 (2010).
DOI: 10.1520/D4868-17. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM In
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4868 − 00 (Reapproved 2010) D4868 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Net and Gross Heat of Combustion of
1
Hydrocarbon Burner and Diesel Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4868; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of
petroleumhydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density, density and sulfur, water, and ash content.contents.
NOTE 1—The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion used in this method were originally published by the NIST Publication No.
97.
1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containing non-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol, methanol),
ethers (for example, MTBE), or esters (for example, biodiesel).
NOTE 1—The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion used in this method was originally published as NBS Miscellaneous
Publication No. 97.
1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating, using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of burner and
diesel fuels (which do not contain non-hydrocarbon components) for which it is not usually critical to obtain very precise heat
determinations.
NOTE 2—More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation fuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estimation
methods require additional tests to those required in this test method.
1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It is applicable only to was derived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels
derivedproduced by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for
3 3
petroleum fuels as described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in the density range from 750 kg/m to 1000 kg/m
and those that do not contain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuel
specification criteria.
NOTE 3—The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only when
the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental measurements
on representative samples of these classes. Even in these classes, the possibility that the estimate maycan be in error by large amounts for individual fuels
should be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has been found to
be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
Current edition approved May 1, 2010Jan. 1, 2017. Published May 2010February 2017. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20052010 as
D4868D4868 – 00 (2010).–00 (2005). DOI: 10.1520/D4868-00R10.10.1520/D4868-17.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4868 − 17
Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non- Specification
hydrocarbon components)
Fuel Oils
Grades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and D396
6
Diesel
Grades 1-D, 2-D, and 4-d D975
Grades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D D975
Aviation Turbine
Jet A, Jet A-1, and Jet B D1655
Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655
Jet B D6615
Gas Turbine
Grades 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT and 4-GT D2880
Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT D2880
Kerosine
Kerosene
Grades No. 1-K and 2-K D3699
1.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons. hydrocarbon compounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highly
accurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 4).
NOTE 4—The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Te
...
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