ASTM D6488-04
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
Standard Terminology Relating to Print Problems
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for problems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing processes and are given in the following sequence: lithography, flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs (1-5) at the end of this standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:D6488–04
Standard Terminology Relating to
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Print Problems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
higher ink coverage and heavier basis weight papers.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology standard gives definitions for prob-
blocking, n—an undesired adhesion between sheets of printed
lems that develop with printed matter as a result of deficiencies
material that might occur under moderate pressure or in-
in the ink, substrate, press, or combinations thereof.
creased temperature, or both, while in storage or in use.
1.2 These definitions cover the three major printing pro-
DISCUSSION—Damage to one or both surfaces may be visible upon
cesses and are given in the following sequence: lithography,
separation and may be due to improperly dried ink or coating.
flexography, and gravure. For further information see Refs
bronzing, n—the metal-like reflectance which sometimes
(1-5) at the end of this standard.
appears at the surface of nonmetallic colored materials.
2. Referenced Documents
DISCUSSION—Bronzing is perceived at the specular angle by observ-
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
ing the image of a white light source, for example, and is characterized
D 4361 Test Method forApparentTack of Printing Inks and
by a distinct hue of different dominant wavelengths than the hue of the
Vehicles by a Three-Roller Tackmeter color itself. The origin of the selective specular reflectance observed is
generally considered to be reflectance from very small particle size
F 425 Terminology Relating to Lithographic Copy Prod-
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pigment partially separated from surrounding vehicle at or near the ink
ucts
film surface.
3. Significance and Use
catch up, n—a condition that occurs when the non-image area
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve
of the plate becomes ink receptive. See scum. [GATF]
communication and avoid misunderstanding among ink mak-
DISCUSSION—This condition results from the insufficient feeding of
ers, substrate makers, and printers.
dampening solution.
3.2 The term “paper” in this standard also encompasses the
chalking, n—see powdering.
term “paperboard.”
coating pick, n—the removal of coating particles from the
3.3 Definitions that are verbatim from one of the referenced
sheetsurfacethatoccurswhenthetackoftheinkexceedsthe
sourcesareindicatedbygivingtheacronymoftheorganization
surface strength of the substrate.
or the author of the book at the end of the definition.
DISCUSSION—A loss in surface strength may occur during printing
4. Terminology
when the coating is resolubilized by the fountain solution.
4.1 Definitions:
dot distortion, n—an undesired change in shape of halftone
4.1.1 Lithographic Printing:
dots during plate making or printing operations, or both.
blistering, n—the formation of small air pockets under the
dot doubling, n—the unintentional printing of two images
printed paper surface.
slightly out of register from a single form.
DISCUSSION—It results from moisture being trapped under the dried
DISCUSSION—Dot doublings can be the result of a mechanical
ink film during heatset drying. This condition is more common with
problem due to undesired movement between the plate and the blanket.
dot gain, n—the increase in halftone dot size in relation to the
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint dots on the lithographic film; it is the arithmetic difference
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
between the dot area on the original film and dot area on the
Subcommittee D01.56 on Printing Inks.
printed sheet.
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6488 – 99.
DISCUSSION—Physical dot gain can be caused by a number of the
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
processing steps in prepress or during actual printing. Factors that
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
control dot gain on press are ink film thickness, amount of water feed,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
solid print density, ink holdout/absorbance characteristics of the paper,
the ASTM website.
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screen ruling, blanket release, pressure between the blanket and plate,
Withdrawn.
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D6488–04
and pressure between the blanke
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